Enoyl-CoA hydratase
| enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | EHHADH |
| Alt. symbols | ECHD |
| Entrez | 1962 |
| HUGO | 3247 |
| OMIM | 607037 |
| RefSeq | NM_001966 |
| UniProt | Q08426 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 4.2.1.17 |
| Locus | Chr. 3 q26.3-q28 |
| Template:Chembox header| Enoyl-CoA Hydratase: active site and substrate | |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure of Enoyl-CoA Hydratase from a Rat | |
| Active Site | Orange |
| Substrate | Red |
Enoyl-CoA hydratase is an enzyme that hydrates the double bond between the second and third carbons on acyl-CoA. This enzyme, also known as crotonase, is essential to metabolizing fatty acids to produce both acetyl CoA and energy.[1] Note the crystal structure at right of enoyl-coa hydratase from a rat. The crystal structure shows a hexamer formation (not universal, but human enzyme is also hexameric), which leads to the efficiency of this protein. This enzyme has been discovered to be highly efficient, and allows our bodies to metabolize fatty acids into energy very quickly. In fact this enzyme is so efficient that the rate is equivalent to that of diffusion-controlled reactions.[2]
Biological Significance: Metabolism
Enoyl-CoA hydratase catalyzes the second step in the breakdown of fatty acids or the second step of β-oxidation in fatty acid metabolism shown below. Fatty acid metabolism is how our bodies turn fats or lipids into energy. When fats come into our bodies, they are generally in the form of triacyl-glycerols. These must be broken down in order for the fats to pass into our bodies. When that happens, three fatty acids are released.
In fatty acid metabolism, fatty acids are changed into fatty acyl-CoA. To do this, the carboxylate which occupies one end of the fatty acid is changed into a thioester by substituting coenzyme A for the hydroxyl group. Next the fatty acyl-CoA is oxidized and broken down into an acetyl-CoA molecule and another acyl-CoA. The acetyl CoA is then sent to the citric acid cycle while the remaining acyl-CoA is broken down further into acetyl-CoAs. The complete breakdown of a fatty acid not only generates acetyl-CoA molecules, but it also generates energy in the form of NADH. This NADH goes on to be converted into ATP which can be used in other reactions.[3]
| Template:Chembox header| Active Site Orientation |
|---|
| File:Active site orientation.png |
Leucine metabolism
Human metabolic pathway for HMB and isovaleryl-CoA relative to L-leucine.[4][5][6] Of the two major pathways, L-leucine is mostly metabolized into isovaleryl-CoA, while only about 5% is metabolized into HMB.[4][5][6]
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Mechanism
Enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) is used in β-oxidation to add a hydroxyl group and a proton to the unsaturated β-carbon on a fatty-acyl CoA. The enzyme functions by providing two glutamate residues as catalytic acid and base. The two amino acids hold a water molecule in place, allowing it to attack in a syn addition to an α-β unsaturated acyl-CoA at the β-carbon. The α-carbon then grabs another proton, which completes the formation of the beta-hydroxy acyl-CoA.
It is also known from experimental data that no other sources of protons reside in the active site. This means that the proton which the α-carbon grabs is from the water that just attacked the β-carbon. What this implies is that the hydroxyl group and the proton from water are both added from the same side of the double bond, a syn addition. This allows the enzyme to make an S stereoisomer from 2-trans-enoyl-CoA and an R stereoisomer from the 2-cis-enoyl-CoA. This is made possible by the two glutamate residues which hold the water in position directly adjacent to the α-β unsaturated double bond, as seen in figure 1. This configuration requires that the active site for this enzyme is extremely rigid, to hold the water in a very specific configuration with regard to the acyl-CoA. The data for a mechanism for this reaction is not conclusive as to whether this reaction is concerted or occurs in consecutive steps. If occurring in consecutive steps, the intermediate is identical to that which would be generated from an E1cb elimination reaction.[7] Both mechanisms are shown below.
| Template:Chembox header| Reaction Mechanisms | |
|---|---|
| Figure 2: Both Mechanisms | Figure 3: Concerted Mechanism |
| File:Chimera mechanism.gif |
The enzyme is mechanistically similar to fumarase.
It is classified as EC 4.2.1.17.
References
- ↑ Bahnson, Brian J., Vernon E. Anderson, and Gregory A. Petsko. "Structural Mechanism of Enoyl-CoA Hydratase: Three Atoms From a Single Water are Added in Either an E1cb Stepwise or Concerted Fashion." Biochemistry 41 (2002): 2621-2629. SciFinder Scholar. 2 December 2007.
- ↑ TEngel, Christian K., Tiila R. Kiema, J. Kalervo Hiltunen, and Rik K. Wierenga. "The Crystal Structure of Enoyl-CoA Hydratase Complexed with Octanoyl-CoA Reveals the Structural Adaptations Required for Binding of a Long Chain Fatty Acid-CoA Molecule." Journal of Molecular Biology 275 (1998): 847-859. SciFinder Scholar. 2 December 2007.
- ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 4th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2005. 637-643.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J (February 2013). "International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 10 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. PMC 3568064. PMID 23374455.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385–388. ISBN 978-0-12-387784-0. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
Energy fuel: Eventually, most Leu is broken down, providing about 6.0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours ... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into acetyl-CoA and thereby contributes to the synthesis of ketones, steroids, fatty acids, and other compounds
Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine - ↑ Bahnson, Brian J., Vernon E. Anderson, and Gregory A. Petsko. "Structural Mechanism of Enoyl-CoA Hydratase: Three Atoms From a Single Water are Added in Either an E1cb Stepwise or Concerted Fashion." Biochemistry 41 (2002): 2621-2629. SciFinder Scholar. 2 December 2007.
External links
- Enoyl-CoA+Hydratase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)