Hepatic encephalopathy history and symptoms
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Overview
In patients with hepatic encephalopathy, symptoms may begin slowly and gradually worsen, or may begin suddenly and be very fast. the hallmark of hepatic encephalopathy is hyperammonemia. A positive history of hepatic failure is suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy. The most common symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy include inverted sleep-wake pattern(combination of restless nights and excessive daytime sleepiness), personality changes, altered level of consciousness, jerking movement of the limbs(asterixis), confusion and irritability.
History and Symptoms
In patients with hepatic encephalopathy, symptoms may begin slowly and gradually worsen, or may begin suddenly and be very fast. the hallmark of hepatic encephalopathy is hyperammonemia. A positive history of hepatic failure is suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy. The most common symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy include inverted sleep-wake pattern(combination of restless nights and excessive daytime sleepiness), personality changes, altered level of consciousness, jerking movement of the limbs(asterixis), confusion and irritability.[1]
History
Patients with hepatic encephalopathy may have a positive history of:
- [History finding 1]
- [History finding 2]
- [History finding 3]
Common Symptoms
Common symptoms of [disease] include:
- [Symptom 1]
- [Symptom 2]
- [Symptom 3]
Less Common Symptoms
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
- [Symptom 1]
- [Symptom 2]
- [Symptom 3]
References
- ↑ Montagnese S, Turco M, Amodio P (2015). "Hepatic encephalopathy and sleepiness: an interesting connection?". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 5 (Suppl 1): S49–53. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.06.006. PMC 4442851. PMID 26041958.
Overview
One of the earliest manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy is "day-night reversal". In other words, affected individuals tend to sleep during the day and stay awake at night. Another early manifestation is impairment in spatial perception. This can be made apparent by noting the patient's poor ability to copy or draw various simple images, e.g cube, star, clock. This deficit can also be demonstrated by administering a test which has the patient connect a number of randomly placed dots on a sheet of paper (the "trail test" or "numbers connecting test").
History and Symptoms
.[1] Family members or caregivers may notice that the patient has:
- Breath with a musty or sweet odor
- Change in sleep patterns
- Changes in thinking
- Confusion that is mild
- Forgetfulness
- Mental fogginess
- Personality or mood changes
- Poor concentration
- Poor judgment
- Worsening of handwriting or loss of other small hand movements
More severe symptoms may include:
- Abnormal movements or shaking of hands or arms
- Agitation, excitement, or seizures (occur rarely)
- Disorientation
- Drowsiness or confusion
- Inappropriate behavior or severe personality changes
- Slurred speech
- Slowed or sluggish movement
Patients with hepatic encephalopathy can become unconscious, unresponsive, and possibly enter a coma. Patients with hepatic encephalopathy are often not able to care for themselves because of these symptoms.
References
- ↑ Ishii Y, Inagaki Y, Hirai K, Aoki T (2000). "Hepatic encephalopathy caused by congenital extrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 7 (5): 524–8. doi:10.1007/s005340050229. PMID 11180882.