Antigen KI-67 also known as Ki-67 or MKI67 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKI67gene (antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki-67).[1][2][3]
Antigen KI-67 is a nuclear protein that is associated with and may be necessary for cellular proliferation. Furthermore, it is associated with ribosomal RNA transcription.[3] Inactivation of antigen KI-67 leads to inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis.[4]
The Ki-67 protein (also known as MKI67) is a cellular marker for proliferation.[5] It is strictly associated with cell proliferation. During interphase, the Ki-67 antigen can be exclusively detected within the cell nucleus, whereas in mitosis most of the protein is relocated to the surface of the chromosomes.[6] Ki-67 protein is present during all active phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and mitosis), but is absent in resting (quiescent) cells (G0).[7] Cellular content of Ki-67 protein markedly increases during cell progression through S phase of the cell cycle.[8]. In breast cancer Ki67 identifies a high proliferative subset of patients with ER-positive breast cancer who derive greater benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy [9][10]
Antibody labeling
Ki-67 is an excellent marker to determine the growth fraction of a given cell population. The fraction of Ki-67-positive tumor cells (the Ki-67 labeling index) is often correlated with the clinical course of cancer. The best-studied examples in this context are carcinomas of the prostate, brain and the breast and nephroblastoma and neuroendocrine tumours. For these types of tumors, the prognostic value for survival and tumor recurrence have repeatedly been proven in uni- and multivariate analysis.
MIB-1
Ki-67 and MIB-1 monoclonal antibodies are directed against different epitopes of the same proliferation-related antigen. Ki-67 and MIB1 may be used on fixed sections.[11] MIB-1 is used in clinical applications to determine the Ki-67 labelling index. One of its primary advantages over the original Ki-67 antibody (and the reason why it has essentially supplanted the original antibody for clinical use) is that it can be used on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections, after heat-mediated antigen retrieval (see next section below).
Original Ki-67 antibody
The Ki-67 protein was originally defined by the prototype monoclonal antibody Ki-67,[12] which was generated by immunizing mice with nuclei of the Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L428. The name is derived from the city of origin (Kiel, Germany) and the number of the original clone in the 96-well plate.
Immunofluorescent antibody staining against neurofilament (green) and Ki-67 (red) in a mouse embryo 12.5 days after fertilization. The proliferating cells are in the ventricular zone in the neural tube and therefore colored red.
Ki-67 protein (red), tubulin (green) and DNA (blue) in HeLa cells. Dividing cells show strong Ki-67 staining in cell nuclei while all cells contain large amounts of tubulin, the major component of microtubules. Antibodies, cell staining and image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology.
↑Schonk DM, Kuijpers HJ, van Drunen E, van Dalen CH, Geurts van Kessel AH, Verheijen R, Ramaekers FC (October 1989). "Assignment of the gene(s) involved in the expression of the proliferation-related Ki-67 antigen to human chromosome 10". Hum. Genet. 83 (3): 297–9. doi:10.1007/BF00285178. PMID2571566.
↑ 3.03.1Bullwinkel J, Baron-Lühr B, Lüdemann A, Wohlenberg C, Gerdes J, Scholzen T (March 2006). "Ki-67 protein is associated with ribosomal RNA transcription in quiescent and proliferating cells". J. Cell. Physiol. 206 (3): 624–35. doi:10.1002/jcp.20494. PMID16206250.
↑Rahmanzadeh R, Hüttmann G, Gerdes J, Scholzen T (June 2007). "Chromophore-assisted light inactivation of pKi-67 leads to inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis". Cell Prolif. 40 (3): 422–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00433.x. PMID17531085.
↑Cuylen S, Blaukopf C, Politi AZ, Müller-Reichert T, Neumann B, Poser I, Ellenberg J, Hyman AA, Gerlich DW (July 2016). "Ki-67 acts as a biological surfactant to disperse mitotic chromosomes". Nature. 535 (7611): 308–12. doi:10.1038/nature18610. PMID27362226.
↑Bruno S, Darzynkiewicz Z (January 1992). "Cell cycle dependent expression and stability of the nuclear protein detected by Ki-67 antibody in HL-60 cells". Cell Proliferation. 25 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1992.tb01435.x. PMID1540682.
↑Darzynkiewicz Z, Zhao H, Zhang S, Lee MY, Lee EY, Zhang Z (May 2015). "Initiation and termination of DNA replication during S phase in relation to cyclins D1, E and A, p21WAF1, Cdt1 and the p12 subunit of DNA polymerase δ revealed in individual cells by cytometry". Oncotarget. 6 (14): 11735–50. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4149. PMID26059433.
↑Sonnenblick A, Francis PA, Azim HA, de Azambuja E, Nordenskjöld B, Gutiérez J, Quinaux E, Mastropasqua MG, Ameye L, Anderson M, Lluch A, Gnant M, Goldhirsch A, Di Leo A, Barnadas A, Cortes-Funes H, Piccart M, Crown J (2015). "Final 10-year results of the Breast International Group 2-98 phase III trial and the role of Ki67 in predicting benefit of adjuvant docetaxel in patients with oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer". European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 51 (12): 1481–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.03.018. PMID26074397.
↑Yerushalmi R, Woods R, Ravdin PM, Hayes MM, Gelmon KA (2010). "Ki67 in breast cancer: prognostic and predictive potential". The Lancet. Oncology. 11 (2): 174–83. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70262-1. PMID20152769.
↑Bánkfalvi A (November 2000). "Comparative methodological analysis of erbB-2/HER-2 gene dosage, chromosomal copy number and protein overexpression in breast carcinoma tissues for diagnostic use". Histopathology. 37 (5): 411–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00984.x. PMID11119122.
↑Gerdes J, Schwab U, Lemke H, Stein H (1983). "Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation". Int. J. Cancer. 31 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910310104. PMID6339421.
↑Kametaka A, Takagi M, Hayakawa T, Haraguchi T, Hiraoka Y, Yoneda Y (2002). "Interaction of the chromatin compaction-inducing domain (LR domain) of Ki-67 antigen with HP1 proteins". Genes to Cells : Devoted to Molecular & Cellular Mechanisms. 7 (12): 1231–42. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00596.x. PMID12485163.
