Meckel's diverticulum natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Intestinal torsions around the intestinal stalk may also occur, leading to obstruction, ischemia, and necrosis. If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
- The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
- If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
Complications
- Common complications of Meckel's diverticulum include:
- Hemorrhage
- Perforation of the bowel
- Diverticulitis
- Small bowel obstruction
- Ulceration
- Intussusception
- Peritonitis
Hemorrhage
- Most common complication in patients with Meckel diverticulum
- Accounts for one fourth of all complications
- More commonly seen in:
- Children younger than 2 years
- Male sex
- Presentation:
- Patients present with the following symptoms:
- Passage of bright red blood in the stools
- May or may not be associated with:
- Abdominal pain
- Weakness
- Anemia
- Bleeding may be:
- Minimal
- Recurrent
- Massive, shock-producing
- Assessment of the rate of bleeding may be done on the basis of the following:
- Quantity of blood lost in the stools
- Appearance of the material passing through the rectum
- Hemodynamic state
- Characteristics of hemorrhage based on the appearance of stools include the following:
- Bright red blood in the stools: brisk hemorrhage
- Tarry stools: minor upper GI bleeding, associated with delayed intestinal transit causing alteration of blood
- Currant jelly stools: associated with copious mucus due to bowel ischemia; commonly observed in intussusception
- Blood-streaked stools: sign of fissure-in-ano
- The gastric mucosa found in the diverticulum may form a chronic ulcer and may also damage the adjacent ileal mucosa because of acid production. Ectopic gastric mucosa is found in about 50% of all Meckel diverticula; and three fourths of bleeding Meckel diverticula.
- Perforation may occur, and the patient then presents with an acute abdomen, often associated with air under the diaphragm, best visualized on an erect chest radiograph.
- When a patient presents with painless lower GI bleeding, Meckel diverticulum should always be suspected.
- Panendoscopy helps exclude disease in the upper GI and colorectal regions, the two most common sites of GI bleeding.
- Patients present with the following symptoms:
Intestinal obstruction
- observed in one fourth of patients with symptomatic Meckel diverticulum
Various mechanisms of intestinal obstruction occur with Meckel diverticulum as a causative factor. Because the omphalomesenteric duct may be attached to the abdominal wall by a fibrotic band, a volvulus of the small bowel around the band may occur. The diverticulum may also form the lead point of an intussusception and cause obstruction. Infrequently, a tumor arising in the wall of the diverticulum may form the lead point for intussusception. When incarcerated in an inguinal hernia, a Meckel diverticulum is called a Littré hernia. Patients with intestinal obstruction due to Meckel diverticulum present with abdominal pain, vomiting, and obstipation. Radiography of the abdomen may indicate an ileus or frank stepladder air-fluid levels, as observed in dynamic intestinal obstruction. In cases of intussusception, patients may also present with a palpable lump in the lower abdomen and currant jelly stools.
Diverticulitis
This condition develops in approximately 10-20% of patients with symptomatic Meckel diverticulum, occurring more often in the elderly population. Patients may present with symptoms of intermittent, crampy abdominal pain and tenderness in the periumbilical area. Perforation of the inflamed diverticulum leads to peritonitis. Stasis in the diverticulum, especially in one with a narrow neck, causes inflammation and secondary infection leading to diverticulitis. Diverticular inflammation can lead to adhesions, which cause intestinal obstruction.
Umbilical anomalies
These occur in up to 10% of patients and consist of fistulas, sinuses, cysts, and fibrous bands between the diverticulum and the umbilicus. A patient may present with a chronic discharging umbilical sinus superimposed by infection or excoriation of periumbilical skin. There may be a history of recurrent infection, sinus healing, or abdominal-wall abscess formation. When a fistula is present, intestinal mucosa may be identified on the skin. Cannulation and injection with radiographic contrast help to delineate the entire tract and aid in planning a surgical approach for cure. A discharging sinus should be approached surgically with a view toward correction. Exploratory laparotomy may be required. When found at laparotomy, a fibrous band should be excised because of the risk of internal herniation and volvulus.
Neoplasm
This is the pathology least commonly associated with Meckel diverticulum and is reported in approximately 4-5% of complicated Meckel diverticulum cases. Of the various types of tumors reported, leiomyoma is the one that is most frequently found, followed by leiomyosarcoma, carcinoid tumor, and fibroma. One case of ectopic gastric adenocarcinoma has been reported. Lipoma and angioma have also been found. [4, 5]
Other complications
Other reported complications in Meckel diverticulum are vesicodiverticular fistulas, "daughter" diverticula (formation of a diverticulum within a Meckel diverticulum), and formation of stones and phytobezoar in the Meckel diverticulum. Children and infants are at the highest risk for complications, and for some reason, complications occur more often in males than females. Due to this, males are more frequently diagnosed with Meckel’s Diverticulum than females.
The possible complications with Meckel’s Diverticulum include:
A blockage in the intestines caused by folding of the intestines (intussusception)
Abnormal and excessive bleeding arising within the diverticulum
Injury to the diverticulum may result in perforation of the bowel wall
Inflammation of the peritoneum, which is a thin tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen
Rarely, tumors can occur within a Meckel’s Diverticulum. The most common tumor includes carcinoid tumors and gastrinomas. These tumors arise from abnormal collection of neuroendocrine cells or gastrin hormone producing cells
Prognosis
- Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
- Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression/etc.] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
- The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
- [Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
- The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.
Full recovery can be expected with surgery.