Gallbladder cancer screening

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Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

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Differentiating Gallbladder cancer from other Diseases

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2]

Overview

According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, gallbladder cancer may be diagnosed as an accidental finding in patients who undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Screening

Ultrasound

  • when gallbladder pathology is suspected ultrasonography is most commonly the first choice for screening.
  • Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound screening is 85% and 80%.
  • A High-resolution contrast-enhanced ultrasonography identifies up to 70–90% of polypoid gallbladder lesions.[1]
  • Gallbladder cancer on ultrasound have one of the following feartures[2]
    • 1) A mass in the gallbladder
    • 2) A polyp in the gallbladder
    • 3) Asymmetric wall thickening of the gallbladder
  •  Polyps which are over 1 cm in diameter have higher chance to contain an invasive cancer than smaller ones.[3]
  • With Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography gallbladder cancer shows an “eruption sign”[4]

Computer Tomography (CT)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)[7]

  • ERCP may be helpful in diagnosing abnormal pancreaticobiliary ducts and also in collection of biles and biopsy samples
  • ERCP is a very good tool in diagnosing filling defects of the gallbladder, It is best used for identifying tumour extension into the bile ducts.

MRI, MRA, and MRCP

 FDG-PET scan[12][13]

References

  1. Inui K, Yoshino J, Miyoshi H (2011). "Diagnosis of gallbladder tumors". Intern. Med. 50 (11): 1133–6. PMID 21628925.
  2. Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC (2015). "Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century". J Oncol. 2015: 967472. doi:10.1155/2015/967472. PMC 4569807. PMID 26421012.
  3. Wibbenmeyer LA, Sharafuddin MJ, Wolverson MK, Heiberg EV, Wade TP, Shields JB (1995). "Sonographic diagnosis of unsuspected gallbladder cancer: imaging findings in comparison with benign gallbladder conditions". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 165 (5): 1169–74. doi:10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572497. PMID 7572497.
  4. Vijayakumar A, Vijayakumar A, Patil V, Mallikarjuna MN, Shivaswamy BS (2013). "Early diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma: an algorithm approach". ISRN Radiol. 2013: 239424. doi:10.5402/2013/239424. PMC 4045520. PMID 24959553.
  5. Deshmukh SD, Johnson PT, Sheth S, Hruban R, Fishman EK (2013). "CT of gallbladder cancer and its mimics: a pattern-based approach". Abdom Imaging. 38 (3): 527–36. doi:10.1007/s00261-012-9907-1. PMID 22581235.
  6. Vijayakumar A, Vijayakumar A, Patil V, Mallikarjuna MN, Shivaswamy BS (2013). "Early diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma: an algorithm approach". ISRN Radiol. 2013: 239424. doi:10.5402/2013/239424. PMC 4045520. PMID 24959553.
  7. Kinoshita H, Hara M, Hashino K, Hashimoto M, Nishimura K, Kodama T, Hamada S, Matsuo H, Yasunaga M, Odo M, Tamae T, Noritomi T, Hiraki M, Okuda K, Imayama H, Shirouzu K, Aoyagi S (2002). "A case of gallbladder cancer associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction". Kurume Med J. 49 (1–2): 61–5. PMID 12235875.
  8. Kaza RK, Gulati M, Wig JD, Chawla YK (2006). "Evaluation of gall bladder carcinoma with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography". Australas Radiol. 50 (3): 212–7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1673.2006.01564.x. PMID 16732816.
  9. Kim, Soo Jin; Lee, Jeong Min; Lee, Eun Sun; Han, Joon Koo; Choi, Byung Ihn (2015). "Preoperative staging of gallbladder carcinoma using biliary MR imaging". Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 41 (2): 314–321. doi:10.1002/jmri.24537. ISSN 1053-1807.
  10. Kanthan, Rani; Senger, Jenna-Lynn; Ahmed, Shahid; Kanthan, Selliah Chandra (2015). "Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century". Journal of Oncology. 2015: 1–26. doi:10.1155/2015/967472. ISSN 1687-8450.
  11. Lee, N.K.; Kim, S.; Kim, T.U.; Kim, D.U.; Seo, H.I.; Jeon, T.Y. (2014). "Diffusion-weighted MRI for differentiation of benign from malignant lesions in the gallbladder". Clinical Radiology. 69 (2): e78–e85. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2013.09.017. ISSN 0009-9260.
  12. Corvera, Carlos U.; Blumgart, Leslie H.; Akhurst, Timothy; DeMatteo, Ronald P.; D’Angelica, Michael; Fong, Yuman; Jarnagin, William Robert (2008). "18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Influences Management Decisions in Patients with Biliary Cancer". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.002. ISSN 1072-7515.
  13. Oe A, Kawabe J, Torii K, Kawamura E, Higashiyama S, Kotani J, Hayashi T, Kurooka H, Tsumoto C, Kubo S, Shiomi S (2006). "Distinguishing benign from malignant gallbladder wall thickening using FDG-PET". Ann Nucl Med. 20 (10): 699–703. PMID 17385310.


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