Gallbladder cancer differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Gallbladder cancer must be differentiated from Hepatocellular carcinoma Liver hemangioma, Liver abscess, Cirrhosis, Inflammatory lesions, Cholangiocarcinoma, Pancreatic carcinoma,Focal nodular hyperplasia.

Differentiatiating Gallbladder cancer from other Diseases

• Gallbladder cancer must be differentiated from other diseases that causes right upper quadrant pain
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma 
  • Liver hemangioma
  • Liver abscess
  • Cirrhosis
  • Inflammatory lesions
  • Cholangiocarcinoma
  • Pancreatic carcinoma
  • Focal nodular hyperplasia

Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram

Disease	Clinical manifestations													Diagnosis		Comments
	Symptoms									Signs
	Abdominal Pain	Fever	Rigors and chills	Nausea or vomiting	Jaundice	Constipation	Diarrhea	Weight loss	GI bleeding	Hypo- tension	Guarding	Rebound Tenderness	Bowel sounds	Lab Findings	Imaging
Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis	RUQ	+	−	−	+	−	−	+	−	−	−	−	Normal Hyperactive if obstruction present	High levels of AFP in serum Abnormal liver function tests	US CT Liver biopsy	Other symptoms: Splenomegaly Variceal bleeding Ascites Spider nevi Asterixis
Cholangiocarcinoma	Epigastric	−	−	±	±	−	+	+	−	−	−	−	N	Increased amylase / lipase Increased stool fat content Pancreatic function test	CT scan Calcification Pseudocyst Dilation of main pancreatic duct	Predisposes to pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic carcinoma	Epigastric	−	−	+	+	−	+	+	−	−	−	−	N	↑ Alkaline phosphatase ↑ serum bilirubin ↑ gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ↑ CA 19-9	MDCT with  PET/CT MRI	Skin manifestations may include: Bullous pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis (classic Trousseau's syndrome) Pancreatic panniculitis
Focal nodular hyperplasia	Diffuse	±	−	−	±	−	+	+	+	−	−	−	Normal or hyperactive	Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA) in Ulcerative colitis Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Crohn's disease	String sign on abdominal x-ray in Crohn's disease	Extra intestinal findings: Uveitis Arthritis
Disease	Abdominal Pain	Fever	Rigors and chills	Nausea or vomiting	Jaundice	Constipation	Diarrhea	Weight loss	GI bleeding	Hypo- tension	Guarding	Rebound Tenderness	Bowel sounds	Lab Findings	Imaging	Comments
Gallbladder cancer	Diffuse	±	−	−	±	−	+	+	−	±	−	−	N	Thrombocytopenia Hypoalbuminemia Small intestinal biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei	Endoscopy is used to confirm diagnosis. Images used to find complications Chest and joint x-ray CT MRI Echocardiography	Extra intestinal findings: Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Hepatosplenomegaly Arthritis Ascites
Liver hemangioma	RUQ	+	−	+	+	−	Positive in Hep A and E	+	−	Positive in fulminant hepatitis	Positive in acute	+	N	Abnormal LFTs Viral serology	US	Hep A and E have fecal-oral route of transmission Hep B and C transmits via blood transfusion and sexual contact.
Liver abscess	RUQ	+	+	+	+	−	±	+	−	+	+	±	Normal or hypoactive	CBC Blood cultures Abnormal liver function tests	US CT
Cirrhosis	RUQ	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	−	N	Hypoalbuminemia Prolonged PT Abnormal LFTs Hyponatremia Thrombocytopenia	US Nodular, shrunken liver Ascites	Stigmata of liver disease Cruveilhier- Baumgarten murmur
Inflammatory lesions	RUQ	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	−	N	Hypoalbuminemia Prolonged PT Abnormal LFTs Hyponatremia Thrombocytopenia	US Nodular, shrunken liver Ascites	Stigmata of liver disease Cruveilhier- Baumgarten murmur

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