Acute diarrhea risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Most common risk factors for Acute diarrhea include: ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7]

Travel:
- Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas.
- Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
- Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
Epidemics and Outbreaks:
- Bacterial:Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
- Viral:Noro virus, Rota virus.
- Protozoan: Example: Cryptosporidium
Animal contact: Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
Day care: Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Shigella, Cryptosporidium.
Poor sanitation and crowding
Water exposure: Swimming pools and Marine environment (Shigella, Aeromonas, Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
Food history:
- Consumption of raw or undercooked meats,Fish, Canned foods, Raw eggs,Frozen food (Examples: Salmonella, STEC, Clostridium perfringens, L.monocytogenes)
Antibiotic use and Hospitalization:
- Clostridium difficile
- Drug side effects( eg: Broad spectrum antibiotics, Anti fungals, Immunosuppressants)
- Ischemic colitis(initially acute then chronic)
Homosexual men
Immunosupression: HIV,CMV, Cryptosporidia, Mycobacterium Avium complex, Medications, Transplant recipients.
Old age

References:

↑ Dunn N, Gossman WG. PMID 29083755. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D (2013). "Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008". MMWR Surveill Summ. 62 (2): 1–34. PMID 23804024.
↑ "Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54 (47): 1201–5. 2005. PMID 16319813.
↑ Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P (2017). "Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016". Water Res. 114: 14–22. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036. PMID 28214721.
↑ Guzman-Herrador B, Carlander A, Ethelberg S, Freiesleben de Blasio B, Kuusi M, Lund V, Löfdahl M, MacDonald E, Nichols G, Schönning C, Sudre B, Trönnberg L, Vold L, Semenza JC, Nygård K (2015). "Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012". Euro Surveill. 20 (24). PMID 26111239.
↑ Niyogi SK (2005). "Shigellosis". J. Microbiol. 43 (2): 133–43. PMID 15880088.
↑ Somboonwit C, Menezes LJ, Holt DA, Sinnott JT, Shapshak P (2017). "Current views and challenges on clinical cholera". Bioinformation. 13 (12): 405–409. doi:10.6026/97320630013405. PMC 5767916. PMID 29379258.