Diaphragmatic paralysis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis is unknown, but incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery is approximately 30000 to 75000 per 100,000 individuals.[1]
Prevalence
The prevalence of diaphragmatic paralysis is unknown, but prevalence of diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery is 1600 per 100,000 in children. [2]
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- The morbidity and mortality of the unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis is related to underlying pulmonary function and etiology.[3]
- Most of the unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during imaging and mortality rate are low.
- Most of the bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis are symptomatic and may develop ventilatory failure.
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop diaphragmatic paralysis.
- The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
- [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
- [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
- [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
Race
- There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
- [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected by diaphragmatic paralysis than women.
References
- ↑ Efthimiou J, Butler J, Woodham C, Benson MK, Westaby S (1991). "Diaphragm paralysis following cardiac surgery: role of phrenic nerve cold injury". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 52 (4): 1005–8. PMID 1929616.
- ↑ de Leeuw M, Williams JM, Freedom RM, Williams WG, Shemie SD, McCrindle BW (1999). "Impact of diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiothoracic surgery in children". J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 118 (3): 510–7. doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(99)70190-X. PMID 10469969.
- ↑ Canbaz S, Turgut N, Halici U, Balci K, Ege T, Duran E (2004). "Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery--a prospective, controlled, clinical study". BMC Surg. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2482-4-2. PMC 320489. PMID 14723798.