Respiratory failure pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
- The respiratory system is formed by 2 parts:
- The gas exchanging organ, the lung
- The pump that ventilates the lungs, the pump consists of:
- Chest wall, the respiratory muscles
- The respiratory control system in the central nervous system (CNS)
- The spinal and peripheral pathways that connect the CNS control system with the respiratory muscles
- The respiratory system has 2 main functions oxygenation of mixed venous blood and elimination of carbon dioxide.
- Respiratory failure is a condition where there is loss of one or both of the functions of the respiratory system.
- Respiratory failure is defined as:
- Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) < 60 mmHg
- Arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) > 45 mmHg
- Respiratory failure can be caused by lung failure or pump failure.
- Lung failure results in hypoxemia (<PaO2).
- Pump failure results in alveolar hypoventilation which in turn results in hypercapnia (>PaCO2).
- Hypercapnic respiratory failure can be caused by:
- Mechanical defects
- Central nervous system depression
- Imbalance of energy demands and supplies
- Adaptation of central controllers
- Neuromuscular transmission impairment
- Mechanical defect of the rib cage
- Fatigue of respiratory muscles
- Lung failure and pump failure can coexist in the same patient in cases of:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with carbon dioxide retention
- Severe pulmonary edema
- Asthmatic crisis
Genetics
- [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
- Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
- The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.
Associated Conditions
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].