Cyanosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of cyanosis include congenital heart diseases with right to left shunting, presence of abnormal hemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, respiratory disorders associated with impaired gas exchange, impaired gas diffusion via the alveoli, embolism, arteriovenous malformations, cold exposure, and raynaud's phenomenon.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for cyanosis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
- Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the alveoli or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to hypoxemia and cyanosis.
- Decreased inspired oxygen
- Carbon monoxide exposure
- Cyanide poisoning
- Smoke from house fires
- Hypoventilatory disorders:
- Upper airway obstruction
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Traumatic airway disruption
- Congenital airway anomalies
- Neurologic disorders
- Severe head trauma
- Transient tachypnea of newborn
- Seizures
- BRUE
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Upper airway obstruction
- Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion
- V/Q mismatch:
- Obstructed airways (V):
- Vasculature (Q):
- Parenchymal:
- ARDS
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Interstitial lung diseases
- Empyema
- Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion:
- Decreased inspired oxygen
- Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause cyanosis by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Congenital heart diseases
- Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Multiple intra pulmonary shunts
- Cold exposure
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Altered mental status
- Side effects of pharmacotherapy:
- Beta blockers
- Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
- Dapsone
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine
- Chloroquine
- High altitude
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Venomous snake bites
- Arterial obstruction:
- Venous obstruction:
- Decreased cardiac output:
References
- ↑ Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. PMID 29489181. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M (February 2018). "Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year". Med Clin (Barc). doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009. PMID 29439874.
- ↑ Bailliard F, Anderson RH (January 2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-2. PMC 2651859. PMID 19144126.
- ↑ Just-Viera JO, Norwood T, Yeager GH (April 1967). "Importance of shock and cyanosis in pulmonary embolism". Ann. Surg. 165 (4): 528–35. PMC 1617449. PMID 6021453.
- ↑ FRASER RS, SPROULE BJ, DVORKIN J (December 1963). "HYPOVENTILATION, CYANOSIS AND POLYCYTHEMIA IN A THIN MAN". Can Med Assoc J. 89: 1178–82. PMC 1922100. PMID 14091905.
- ↑ Martins P, Castela E (October 2008). "Transposition of the great arteries". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 3: 27. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-27. PMC 2577629. PMID 18851735.