Cyanosis history and symptoms
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
History and Symptoms
- The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
- The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
- Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3
History
- Timing of onset of cyanosis[1][2]
- congenital: Onset of cyanosis in early neonatal period is suggestive of congenital etiology (eg, congenital heat diseases with right to left shunts, congenital airway anomalies).
- Acquired: Recent onset is suggestive of acquired etiology (eg, pulmonary embolus, pneumonia, asthma, cardiac failure).
- History of prior lung disease:
- Exacerbation of pre-existing lung diseases (eg, Asthma, COPD, interstitial lung diseases) can cause respiratory distress and lead to cyanosis.
- History of congenital heart diseases:[3]
- Congenital heart disease present with profound central cyanosis in the early neonatal period.
- Left-side obstructive lesions (eg, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta)
- Right-sided obstructive lesions (eg, Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, critical pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid atresia, Ebstein's anomaly)
- Transposition of the great arteries
- Truncus arteriosus
- Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
- Congenital heart disease present with profound central cyanosis in the early neonatal period.
- Exposures:
- History of smoke inhalation and asphyxiating gases.
- History of exposure to low oxygen environments[4] (eg, carbon monoxide poisoning, hydrogen cyanide poisoning).
- History of trauma:
- Motor vehicle collisions
- External chest compression
- History of trauma to upper airway and chest wall (eg, Flail chest, upper airway fractures, pneumothorax, hemothorax).
- History of neurologic disease:
- Any neurologic condition that results in respiratory distress can cause cyanosis (eg, seizures, central nervous system lesions, cyanotic breath holding spells and neuromuscular disorders).
- History of medications:
- Drugs causing methemoglobinemia[5] (eg, Dapsone, nitrates, nitroglycerin, local anesthetics, chloroquine, anilines and aniline dyes.)
- Drugs causing sulfhemoglobinemia (eg, sulfonamides, metoclopramide)
- Amiodarone
- Beta blockers
- Silver
- Drug overdoasage/ drug abuse (eg, heroin)
- History of fever
- Fever may be present in infectious causes of cyanosis secondary to upper airway obstruction (eg, croup), lower airway disease (eg, pneumonia, empyema), and septic shock.
- Current or frequent exposure to cold
- Miscellaneous:
- History of snake bites
- History of living in high altitudes
- History of drowning and hanging
Common Symptoms
Common symptoms of [disease] includ
- [Symptom 1]
- [Symptom 2]
- [Symptom 3]
Less Common Symptoms
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
- [Symptom 1]
- [Symptom 2]
- [Symptom 3]
References
- ↑ Waldman JD, Wernly JA (April 1999). "Cyanotic congenital heart disease with decreased pulmonary blood flow in children". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 46 (2): 385–404. PMID 10218082.
- ↑ Grifka RG (April 1999). "Cyanotic congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 46 (2): 405–25. PMID 10218083.
- ↑ Lee JY (June 2010). "Clinical presentations of critical cardiac defects in the newborn: Decision making and initial management". Korean J Pediatr. 53 (6): 669–79. doi:10.3345/kjp.2010.53.6.669. PMC 2994134. PMID 21189937.
- ↑ Gozubuyuk AA, Dag H, Kacar A, Karakurt Y, Arica V (2017). "Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning in child, infant, and fetus". North Clin Istanb. 4 (1): 100–107. doi:10.14744/nci.2017.49368. PMC 5530151. PMID 28752154.
- ↑ Esbenshade AJ, Ho RH, Shintani A, Zhao Z, Smith LA, Friedman DL (August 2011). "Dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia: a dose-related occurrence?". Cancer. 117 (15): 3485–92. doi:10.1002/cncr.25904. PMC 3138875. PMID 21246536.