Cyanosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of cyanosis include congenital heart diseases with right to left shunting, presence of abnormal hemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, respiratory disorders associated with impaired gas exchange, impaired gas diffusion via the alveoli, embolism, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, cold exposure, and raynaud's phenomenon.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for cyanosis include:
- Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the alveoli or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to hypoxemia and cyanosis.
- Decreased inspired oxygen[1]
- Carbon monoxide exposure
- Cyanide poisoning
- Smoke from house fires
- Hypoventilatory disorders:[2]
- Upper airway obstruction
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Traumatic airway disruption
- Congenital airway anomalies
- Neurologic disorders[3]
- Severe head trauma
- Transient tachypnea of newborn
- Seizures
- BRUE
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Upper airway obstruction
- Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion
- V/Q mismatch:
- Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion:
- Decreased inspired oxygen[1]
- Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause cyanosis by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Congenital heart diseases[6][7][8]
- Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Multiple intra pulmonary shunts
- Cold exposure
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Altered mental status
- Side effects of pharmacotherapy:
- Beta blockers
- Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
- Dapsone
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine
- Chloroquine
- High altitude
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Venomous snake bites
- Arterial obstruction:
- Venous obstruction:
- Decreased cardiac output:
References
- ↑ Blumenthal I (June 2001). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". J R Soc Med. 94 (6): 270–2. PMC 1281520. PMID 11387414.
- ↑ Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS (November 2003). "Acute dyspnea in the office". Am Fam Physician. 68 (9): 1803–10. PMID 14620600.
- ↑ Ranjit MS (March 2000). "Cardiac abnormalities in birth asphyxia". Indian J Pediatr. 67 (3 Suppl): S26–9. PMID 11129917.
- ↑ Wang RF, Hung TY, Chong CF, Wang TL, Chen CC (February 2008). "Central cyanosis due to severe pulmonary hypertension combined with pericarditis as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am J Emerg Med. 26 (2): 248.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.04.007. PMID 18272123.
- ↑ Grech V, Goldman A (November 2001). "Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to cyanotic spell in an infant with tetralogy of Fallot". Pediatr. Pulmonol. 32 (5): 406–7. PMID 11596167.
- ↑ Martins P, Castela E (October 2008). "Transposition of the great arteries". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 3: 27. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-27. PMC 2577629. PMID 18851735.
- ↑ POTTS WJ (February 1953). "[Congenital heart disease cyanotic children]". Calif Med (in Undetermined). 78 (2): 101–3. PMC 1521678. PMID 13019603.
- ↑ Just-Viera JO, Norwood T, Yeager GH (April 1967). "Importance of shock and cyanosis in pulmonary embolism". Ann. Surg. 165 (4): 528–35. PMC 1617449. PMID 6021453.