Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

Overview

Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson's Disease

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

The prevalence of major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to parkinson's disease is:

75,000 per 100,000 (75%) major neurocognitive disorder.

27,000 per 100,000 (27%) mild neurocognitive disorder.[1]

Risk Factors

Risk factors for developing Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson disease are: Duration of PD, severity of the disease, age of onset >60 years, old age, presence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, autonomic dysfunction, gait problem and hyposmia.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Differential Diagnosis

Dementia with Lewy bodies

Dementia will finally occurs in the most cases of Parkinson disease but the timing of dementia in PD is after full developing of PD and mostly after at least one year of disease start date. When dementia occurs with or before the signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease we will categorize it as dementia with lewy body.[11][12]

Multiple system atrophy

MSA is an idiopathic disease[13] characterized by autonomic problems such as urogenital dysfunction, ataxia and parkinsonism symptoms.[14] MSA patients have resting tremor in arms, rigidity and bradykinesia.[15] The underlying pathophysiology of MSA is myelin dysfunction and inclusions in glial cell throughout CNS.[13][16]

Corticobasal degeneration

Clinical features of CBD is asymmetric movement disorders including rigidity, akinesia and dystonia.[17][18][19] cognitive disorder is very common in this disease and can be the presenting sign of it.[20][21] there are evidences of asymmetric frontoparietal cortical atrophy in autopsy in CBD patients. In microscopic evaluation there are neuronal loss, ballooned achromatic and gliosis.[22][23]

Progressive supranuclear palsy

Abnormal gait is the most common presentation of PSP disease. As opposed to idiopathic Parkinson disease, their trunk is extended and arms are abducted. They commonly fall from behind leading to bruises and lacerations.[24] They can also have supranuclear ophthalmoparesis or ophtalmoplegia.[25]

Idiopathic and familial basal ganglia calcification

Accumulation of calcium in some brain regions and the basal ganglia is known as idiopathic basal ganglia calcification or bilateral striatopallidodentate calcinosis. Some of these patients can have parkinsonism symptoms such as dystonia, ataxia and chorea mostly between ages 20_60.[26][27] The autosomal dominant form of the disease which is known as familial form[28] can be the result of several mutations such as: The SLC20A2 gene on chromosome 8p11.2[29], the PDGFRB gene on chromosome 5q32[30], the PDGFB gene on chromosome 22q13.1[31][32] and the XPR1 gene on chromosome 1q25.3.[33]

Secondary parkinsonism


References

  1. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
  2. ↑ Anang JB, Gagnon JF, Bertrand JA, Romenets SR, Latreille V, Panisset M, Montplaisir J, Postuma RB (September 2014). "Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: a prospective cohort study". Neurology. 83 (14): 1253–60. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000842. PMC 4180482. PMID 25171928.
  3. ↑ Schrag A, Siddiqui UF, Anastasiou Z, Weintraub D, Schott JM (January 2017). "Clinical variables and biomarkers in prediction of cognitive impairment in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease: a cohort study". Lancet Neurol. 16 (1): 66–75. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30328-3. PMC 5377592. PMID 27866858.
  4. ↑ Hughes TA, Ross HF, Musa S, Bhattacherjee S, Nathan RN, Mindham RH, Spokes EG (April 2000). "A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease". Neurology. 54 (8): 1596–602. PMID 10762499.
  5. ↑ Reid WG, Hely MA, Morris JG, Broe GA, Adena M, Sullivan DJ, Williamson PM (October 1996). "A longitudinal of Parkinson's disease: clinical and neuropsychological correlates of dementia". J Clin Neurosci. 3 (4): 327–33. PMID 18638897.
  6. ↑ Stern Y, Marder K, Tang MX, Mayeux R (September 1993). "Antecedent clinical features associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease". Neurology. 43 (9): 1690–2. PMID 8414013.
  7. ↑ Mayeux R, Denaro J, Hemenegildo N, Marder K, Tang MX, Cote LJ, Stern Y (May 1992). "A population-based investigation of Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Relationship to age and gender". Arch. Neurol. 49 (5): 492–7. PMID 1580811.
  8. ↑ Hobson P, Meara J (September 2004). "Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson's disease in the United Kingdom". Mov. Disord. 19 (9): 1043–9. doi:10.1002/mds.20216. PMID 15372593.
  9. ↑ Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sørensen P (March 2001). "Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study". Neurology. 56 (6): 730–6. PMID 11274306.
  10. ↑ Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Kragh-Sørensen P (March 2003). "Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study". Arch. Neurol. 60 (3): 387–92. PMID 12633150.
  11. ↑ McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, Aarsland D, Galvin J, Attems J, Ballard CG, Bayston A, Beach TG, Blanc F, Bohnen N, Bonanni L, Bras J, Brundin P, Burn D, Chen-Plotkin A, Duda JE, El-Agnaf O, Feldman H, Ferman TJ, Ffytche D, Fujishiro H, Galasko D, Goldman JG, Gomperts SN, Graff-Radford NR, Honig LS, Iranzo A, Kantarci K, Kaufer D, Kukull W, Lee V, Leverenz JB, Lewis S, Lippa C, Lunde A, Masellis M, Masliah E, McLean P, Mollenhauer B, Montine TJ, Moreno E, Mori E, Murray M, O'Brien JT, Orimo S, Postuma RB, Ramaswamy S, Ross OA, Salmon DP, Singleton A, Taylor A, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, Toledo JB, Trojanowski JQ, Tsuang D, Walker Z, Yamada M, Kosaka K (July 2017). "Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium". Neurology. 89 (1): 88–100. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058. PMC 5496518. PMID 28592453. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  12. ↑ Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Duda JE, Ferman TJ, Galasko DR, Galvin JE, Goldman JG, Growdon JH, Hurtig HI, Kaufer DI, Kantarci K, Leverenz JB, Lippa CF, Lopez OL, McKeith IG, Singleton AB, Taylor A, Tsuang D, Weintraub D, Zabetian CP (November 2016). "Arguing against the proposed definition changes of PD". Mov. Disord. 31 (11): 1619–1622. doi:10.1002/mds.26721. PMC 5168716. PMID 27492190.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wenning GK, Stefanova N, Jellinger KA, Poewe W, Schlossmacher MG (September 2008). "Multiple system atrophy: a primary oligodendrogliopathy". Ann. Neurol. 64 (3): 239–46. doi:10.1002/ana.21465. PMID 18825660.
  14. ↑ Stefanova N, Bücke P, Duerr S, Wenning GK (December 2009). "Multiple system atrophy: an update". Lancet Neurol. 8 (12): 1172–8. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70288-1. PMID 19909915.
  15. ↑ Geser F, Seppi K, Stampfer-Kountchev M, Köllensperger M, Diem A, Ndayisaba JP, Ostergaard K, Dupont E, Cardozo A, Tolosa E, Abele M, Dodel R, Klockgether T, Ghorayeb I, Yekhlef F, Tison F, Daniels C, Kopper F, Deuschl G, Coelho M, Ferreira J, Rosa MM, Sampaio C, Bozi M, Schrag A, Hooker J, Kim H, Scaravilli T, Mathias CJ, Fowler C, Wood N, Quinn N, Widner H, Nilsson CF, Lindvall O, Schimke N, Eggert KM, Oertel W, del Sorbo F, Carella F, Albanese A, Pellecchia MT, Barone P, Djaldetti R, Meco G, Colosimo C, Gonzalez-Mandly A, Berciano J, Gurevich T, Giladi N, Galitzky M, Ory F, Rascol O, Kamm C, Buerk K, Maass S, Gasser T, Poewe W, Wenning GK (December 2005). "The European Multiple System Atrophy-Study Group (EMSA-SG)". J Neural Transm (Vienna). 112 (12): 1677–86. doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0328-y. PMID 16049636.
  16. ↑ Matsuo A, Akiguchi I, Lee GC, McGeer EG, McGeer PL, Kimura J (September 1998). "Myelin degeneration in multiple system atrophy detected by unique antibodies". Am. J. Pathol. 153 (3): 735–44. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65617-9. PMC 1853025. PMID 9736024.
  17. ↑ Rebeiz JJ, Kolodny EH, Richardson EP (January 1968). "Corticodentatonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia". Arch. Neurol. 18 (1): 20–33. PMID 5634369.
  18. ↑ Wenning GK, Litvan I, Jankovic J, Granata R, Mangone CA, McKee A, Poewe W, Jellinger K, Ray Chaudhuri K, D'Olhaberriague L, Pearce RK (February 1998). "Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 64 (2): 184–9. PMC 2169933. PMID 9489528.
  19. ↑ Riley DE, Lang AE, Lewis A, Resch L, Ashby P, Hornykiewicz O, Black S (August 1990). "Cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration". Neurology. 40 (8): 1203–12. PMID 2381527.
  20. ↑ Murray R, Neumann M, Forman MS, Farmer J, Massimo L, Rice A, Miller BL, Johnson JK, Clark CM, Hurtig HI, Gorno-Tempini ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Grossman M (April 2007). "Cognitive and motor assessment in autopsy-proven corticobasal degeneration". Neurology. 68 (16): 1274–83. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000259519.78480.c3. PMID 17438218.
  21. ↑ Graham NL, Bak TH, Hodges JR (November 2003). "Corticobasal degeneration as a cognitive disorder". Mov. Disord. 18 (11): 1224–32. doi:10.1002/mds.10536. PMID 14639661.
  22. ↑ Schneider JA, Watts RL, Gearing M, Brewer RP, Mirra SS (April 1997). "Corticobasal degeneration: neuropathologic and clinical heterogeneity". Neurology. 48 (4): 959–69. PMID 9109885.
  23. ↑ Boeve BF, Maraganore DM, Parisi JE, Ahlskog JE, Graff-Radford N, Caselli RJ, Dickson DW, Kokmen E, Petersen RC (September 1999). "Pathologic heterogeneity in clinically diagnosed corticobasal degeneration". Neurology. 53 (4): 795–800. PMID 10489043.
  24. ↑ Boeve BF (January 2012). "Progressive supranuclear palsy". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18 Suppl 1: S192–4. doi:10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70060-8. PMID 22166432.
  25. ↑ Litvan I, Mangone CA, McKee A, Verny M, Parsa A, Jellinger K, D'Olhaberriague L, Chaudhuri KR, Pearce RK (June 1996). "Natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) and clinical predictors of survival: a clinicopathological study". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 60 (6): 615–20. PMC 1073943. PMID 8648326.
  26. ↑ Nicolas G, Pottier C, Charbonnier C, Guyant-Maréchal L, Le Ber I, Pariente J, Labauge P, Ayrignac X, Defebvre L, Maltête D, Martinaud O, Lefaucheur R, Guillin O, Wallon D, Chaumette B, Rondepierre P, Derache N, Fromager G, Schaeffer S, Krystkowiak P, Verny C, Jurici S, Sauvée M, Vérin M, Lebouvier T, Rouaud O, Thauvin-Robinet C, Rousseau S, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Frebourg T, Campion D, Hannequin D (November 2013). "Phenotypic spectrum of probable and genetically-confirmed idiopathic basal ganglia calcification". Brain. 136 (Pt 11): 3395–407. doi:10.1093/brain/awt255. PMID 24065723.
  27. ↑ Ellie E, Julien J, Ferrer X (March 1989). "Familial idiopathic striopallidodentate calcifications". Neurology. 39 (3): 381–5. PMID 2927646.
  28. ↑ Tadic V, Westenberger A, Domingo A, Alvarez-Fischer D, Klein C, Kasten M (April 2015). "Primary familial brain calcification with known gene mutations: a systematic review and challenges of phenotypic characterization". JAMA Neurol. 72 (4): 460–7. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3889. PMID 25686319.
  29. ↑ Wang C, Li Y, Shi L, Ren J, Patti M, Wang T, de Oliveira JR, Sobrido MJ, Quintáns B, Baquero M, Cui X, Zhang XY, Wang L, Xu H, Wang J, Yao J, Dai X, Liu J, Zhang L, Ma H, Gao Y, Ma X, Feng S, Liu M, Wang QK, Forster IC, Zhang X, Liu JY (February 2012). "Mutations in SLC20A2 link familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification with phosphate homeostasis". Nat. Genet. 44 (3): 254–6. doi:10.1038/ng.1077. PMID 22327515.
  30. ↑ Nicolas G, Pottier C, Maltête D, Coutant S, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Legallic S, Rousseau S, Vaschalde Y, Guyant-Maréchal L, Augustin J, Martinaud O, Defebvre L, Krystkowiak P, Pariente J, Clanet M, Labauge P, Ayrignac X, Lefaucheur R, Le Ber I, Frébourg T, Hannequin D, Campion D (January 2013). "Mutation of the PDGFRB gene as a cause of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification". Neurology. 80 (2): 181–7. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827ccf34. PMID 23255827.
  31. ↑ Keller A, Westenberger A, Sobrido MJ, García-Murias M, Domingo A, Sears RL, Lemos RR, Ordoñez-Ugalde A, Nicolas G, da Cunha JE, Rushing EJ, Hugelshofer M, Wurnig MC, Kaech A, Reimann R, Lohmann K, Dobričić V, Carracedo A, Petrović I, Miyasaki JM, Abakumova I, Mäe MA, Raschperger E, Zatz M, Zschiedrich K, Klepper J, Spiteri E, Prieto JM, Navas I, Preuss M, Dering C, Janković M, Paucar M, Svenningsson P, Saliminejad K, Khorshid HR, Novaković I, Aguzzi A, Boss A, Le Ber I, Defer G, Hannequin D, Kostić VS, Campion D, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Betsholtz C, Klein C, Oliveira JR (September 2013). "Mutations in the gene encoding PDGF-B cause brain calcifications in humans and mice". Nat. Genet. 45 (9): 1077–82. doi:10.1038/ng.2723. PMID 23913003.
  32. ↑ Keogh MJ, Pyle A, Daud D, Griffin H, Douroudis K, Eglon G, Miller J, Horvath R, Chinnery PF (April 2015). "Clinical heterogeneity of primary familial brain calcification due to a novel mutation in PDGFB". Neurology. 84 (17): 1818–20. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001517. PMC 4424129. PMID 25832657.
  33. ↑ Legati A, Giovannini D, Nicolas G, López-Sánchez U, Quintáns B, Oliveira JR, Sears RL, Ramos EM, Spiteri E, Sobrido MJ, Carracedo Á, Castro-Fernández C, Cubizolle S, Fogel BL, Goizet C, Jen JC, Kirdlarp S, Lang AE, Miedzybrodzka Z, Mitarnun W, Paucar M, Paulson H, Pariente J, Richard AC, Salins NS, Simpson SA, Striano P, Svenningsson P, Tison F, Unni VK, Vanakker O, Wessels MW, Wetchaphanphesat S, Yang M, Boller F, Campion D, Hannequin D, Sitbon M, Geschwind DH, Battini JL, Coppola G (June 2015). "Mutations in XPR1 cause primary familial brain calcification associated with altered phosphate export". Nat. Genet. 47 (6): 579–81. doi:10.1038/ng.3289. PMC 4516721. PMID 25938945.
  34. ↑ Buchman AS, Leurgans SE, Nag S, Bennett DA, Schneider JA (November 2011). "Cerebrovascular disease pathology and parkinsonian signs in old age". Stroke. 42 (11): 3183–9. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.623462. PMC 3202031. PMID 21885844.
  35. ↑ Tolosa E, Wenning G, Poewe W (January 2006). "The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease". Lancet Neurol. 5 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70285-4. PMID 16361025.
  36. ↑ Mena MA, de Yébenes JG (November 2006). "Drug-induced parkinsonism". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 5 (6): 759–71. doi:10.1517/14740338.5.6.759. PMID 17044803.
  37. ↑ Savica R, Grossardt BR, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Mielke MM, Rocca WA (February 2017). "Incidence and time trends of drug-induced parkinsonism: A 30-year population-based study". Mov. Disord. 32 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1002/mds.26839. PMC 5318251. PMID 27779780.
  38. ↑ Hardie RJ, Lees AJ (June 1988). "Neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's syndrome: clinical features and results of treatment with levodopa". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 51 (6): 850–4. PMC 1033159. PMID 2900293.
  39. ↑ Jankovic J, Casabona J (December 1987). "Coexistent tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism". Clin Neuropharmacol. 10 (6): 511–21. PMID 2892586.
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