Myeloproliferative neoplasm natural history, complications, and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [2]
Overview
If left untreated, patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm may progress to develop weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Common complications of myeloproliferative neoplasm include splenomegaly, bleeding, and thrombosis. Prognosis is generally good with treatment, and the 3-year survival rate of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm is approximately 35%.[1][2]
Natural History
The symptoms of myeloproliferative neoplasm usually develop in the sixth decade of life and start with symptoms such as anorexia, weight loss, and fatigue. The onset of symptoms is usually insidious, and the symptoms do not frequently cause many problems initially. The disease progresses quite slowly, typically over a period of months to years. However, without treatment, patients will develop severe symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bruising, bleeding, thrombosis, fever, and infection which may eventually lead to death.[1][2] The natural history of myeloproliferative neoplasm is dependent upon the subtype of myeloproliferative neoplasm and by the prognostic group. The natural history of myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm overlap syndrome (MDS/MPN) is poor.[3] In general, the natural history of patients above the age of 60, the presence of a JAK2 mutation, and a history of thrombosis is worse than the natural history of patients under age 60, the absence of JAK2 mutation, and no history of thrombosis.[4] Thrombosis is an inevitable part of the natural history of many subtypes of myeloproliferative neoplasms, especially polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Approximately 41% of patients with polycythemia vera, for example, will experience thrombosis.[5]
Complications
Myeloproliferative neoplasm may lead to the following complications:[6][7][8][9][10][11]
- Thrombosis: Clot formation occurs in 15% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm.
- Deep venous thrombosis: Clots can develop in the deep veins of the lower extremities, such as the popliteal vein or femoral vein.
- Pulmonary embolism: Clots can develop in the segmental or subsegmental arteries of the pulmonary vasculature.
- Myocardial infarction: Clots can develop within the coronary arteries, and this is usually exacerbated by underlying cardiac risk factors.
- Stroke: Clots can develop in the anterior or posterior circulation in the brain.
- Budd-Chiari syndrome: Clots can develop in the hepatic vein.
- Splanchnic vein thrombosis: Clots can develop in mesenteric vasculature like the splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, or portal vein.
- Bleeding: Bleeding is especially common in patients with essential thrombocythemia with very high platelet counts, as this leads to a paradoxical effect known as acquired von Willebrand disease. In this condition, platelets interfere with the function of von Willebrand factor.
- Epistaxis: Bleeding can occur in the anterior or posterior circulation of the nasal cavity.
- Gingival bleeding: Bleeding gums is typically seen after brushing teeth.
- Menorrhagia: Pelvis bleeding commonly occurs in pre-menopausal females.
- Metrorrhagia: Irregular pelvic bleeding can occur in pre-menopausal females.
- Petechiae: Pinpoint hemorrhages can occur in the skin.
- Splenomegaly: Extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs when the bone marrow is unable to sustain normal cell production.
- Gout: Gout occurs most often in patients with polycythemia vera.
- Peptic ulcer
- Myelofibrosis: This is a condition in which the bone marrow becomes replaced by collagen and reticulin fibers. When myelofibrosis occurs in the setting of polycythemia vera, it is referred to as post-polycythemia vera (post-PV) myelofibrosis. When myelofibrosis occurs in the setting of essential thrombocythemia, it is referred to as post-essential thrombocythemia (post-ET) myelofibrosis. Myelofibrosis carries an overall poor prognosis given that collagen fibers preclude normal hematopoiesis, resulting in infections, bleeding, and fatigue.
- Acute myeloid leukemia: This is a malignancy of the hematopoietic stem cell (specifically myeloid precursors). It is characterized by clonal proliferation and resultant cytopenias and ineffective hematopoiesis. Patients typically die as a result of infections and/or bleeding.
- End-organ damage: Deposition of myeloid cells in organs can result in permanent organ damage. This is especially true to chronic eosinophilic leukemia, in which eosinophils can deposit in the lungs, heart, or other tissues and impair the function of these organs.
Prognosis
The prognosis of Myeloproliferative neoplasm is good with treatment. Without treatment, Myeloproliferative neoplasm may result in death. The 5- and 10-year survival rates for myeloproliferative neoplasm are 74% to 93% and 61% to 84%, respectively.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ma X, Does M, Raza A, Mayne ST (2007). "Myelodysplastic syndromes: incidence and survival in the United States". Cancer. 109 (8): 1536–42. doi:10.1002/cncr.22570. PMID 17345612.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Agarwal MB, Malhotra H, Chakrabarti P, Varma N, Mathews V, Bhattacharyya J; et al. (2015). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms working group consensus recommendations for diagnosis and management of primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia". Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 36 (1): 3–16. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.151770. PMC 4363847. PMID 25810569.
- ↑ DiNardo CD, Daver N, Jain N, Pemmaraju N, Bueso-Ramos C, Yin CC; et al. (2014). "Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, unclassifiable (MDS/MPN, U): natural history and clinical outcome by treatment strategy". Leukemia. 28 (4): 958–61. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.8. PMC 3981947. PMID 24492324.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vannucchi AM (2017). "From leeches to personalized medicine: evolving concepts in the management of polycythemia vera". Haematologica. 102 (1): 18–29. doi:10.3324/haematol.2015.129155. PMC 5210229. PMID 27884974.
- ↑ Stein BL, Oh ST, Berenzon D, Hobbs GS, Kremyanskaya M, Rampal RK; et al. (2015). "Polycythemia Vera: An Appraisal of the Biology and Management 10 Years After the Discovery of JAK2 V617F". J Clin Oncol. 33 (33): 3953–60. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6474. PMC 4979103. PMID 26324368.
- ↑ Canadian Cancer Society.2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/leukemia/leukemia/polycythemia-vera/?region=ab
- ↑ Zoraster RM, Rison RA (2013). "Acute embolic cerebral ischemia as an initial presentation of polycythemia vera: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 7: 131. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-7-131. PMC 3668271. PMID 23683307.
- ↑ Buzas C, Sparchez Z, Cucuianu A, Manole S, Lupescu I, Acalovschi M (2009). "Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to polycythemia vera. A case report". J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 18 (3): 363–6. PMID 19795034.
- ↑ Biagioni E, Pedrazzi P, Marietta M, Di Benedetto F, Villa E, Luppi M; et al. (2013). "Successful liver transplantation in a patient with splanchnic vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism due to polycythemia vera with Jak2v617f mutation and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia". J Thromb Thrombolysis. 36 (3): 352–4. doi:10.1007/s11239-012-0832-5. PMID 23277116.
- ↑ Reikvam H, Tiu RV (2012). "Venous thromboembolism in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera". Leukemia. 26 (4): 563–71. doi:10.1038/leu.2011.314. PMID 22076463.
- ↑ "Erratum: Borderud SP, Li Y, Burkhalter JE, Sheffer CE and Ostroff JS. Electronic cigarette use among patients with cancer: Characteristics of electronic cigarette users and their smoking cessation outcomes. Cancer. doi: 10.1002/ cncr.28811". Cancer. 121 (5): 800. 2015. PMID 25855820.