Hyperkalemia natural history, complications, and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2] Jogeet Singh Sekhon

Overview

Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency.If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause cardiac rhythm disorders and eventually cardiac arrest leading to death. Complications that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and neuromuscular weakness. The outcome with this condition varies. In some people, the disorder causes deadly complications, while others tolerate it well.

Natural History

Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency. If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause cardiac rhythm disorders and eventually cardiac arrest leading to death.^[1]

Complications

Complications that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are ^[2]

Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
Changes in nerve and muscle (neuromuscular) control resulting in weakness and fatigue

Prognosis

The outcome with this condition varies. In some people it can lead to fatal cardiac arrhythmias if not controlled in time,while in some no complications develop. It depends on the levels of potassium in the blood..^[3]

References

↑ Conte G, Dal Canton A, Imperatore P, De Nicola L, Gigliotti G, Pisanti N; et al. (1990). "Acute increase in plasma osmolality as a cause of hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure". Kidney Int. 38 (2): 301–7. PMID 2402122.
↑ Kogika MM, de Morais HA (2017). "A Quick Reference on Hyperkalemia". Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 47 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.009. PMID 27939860.
↑ SCRIBNER BH, FREMONT-SMITH K, BURNELL JM (1955). "The effect of acute respiratory acidosis on the internal equilibrium of potassium". J Clin Invest. 34 (8): 1276–85. doi:10.1172/JCI103174. PMC 438696. PMID 13242660.

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[pmid2402122-1] Conte G, Dal Canton A, Imperatore P, De Nicola L, Gigliotti G, Pisanti N; et al. (1990). "Acute increase in plasma osmolality as a cause of hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure". Kidney Int. 38 (2): 301–7. PMID 2402122.

[pmid27939860-2] Kogika MM, de Morais HA (2017). "A Quick Reference on Hyperkalemia". Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 47 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.009. PMID 27939860.

[pmid13242660-3] SCRIBNER BH, FREMONT-SMITH K, BURNELL JM (1955). "The effect of acute respiratory acidosis on the internal equilibrium of potassium". J Clin Invest. 34 (8): 1276–85. doi:10.1172/JCI103174. PMC 438696. PMID 13242660.

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