Multiple myeloma risk factors
|
Multiple myeloma Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Multiple myeloma risk factors On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Multiple myeloma risk factors |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Multiple myeloma risk factors |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]
Overview
MM is a multifactorial disease, encompassing a wide variety of risk factors that span numerous life aspects.[1]
Risk Factors
The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:
| Risk Factor | Description |
| Age | The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years.[2][3][4] |
| Race | African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.[5][4][6] |
| Gender | Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[3][4] |
| Having other plasma cell diseases | Patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.[7][4] |
| Family history | A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.[8][5][9][4] |
| Obesity | Being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma.[7][4] |
| Workplace exposures | Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations.[10][7][4] |
| Presence of Other Diseases | The slight increase in risk of MM among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was noted. A weak association was noted by Apor et al about SLE especially in the United States/Canada, but this was not confirmed by Shen et al. Nevertheless, pernicious anemia and ankylosing spondylitis were associated with significantly increased MM risk.[1] |
| Radiation | Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure.[7][4] |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sergentanis TN, Zagouri F, Tsilimidos G, Tsagianni A, Tseliou M, Dimopoulos MA, Psaltopoulou T (October 2015). "Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 15 (10): 563–77.e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2015.06.003. PMID 26294217.
- ↑ Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
- ↑ Bourguet, CC.; Grufferman, S.; Delzell, E.; DeLong, ER.; Cohen, HJ. (1985). "Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study". Cancer. 56 (8): 2133–9. PMID 4027940. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Koura DT, Langston AA (2013). "Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma". Ther Adv Hematol. 4 (4): 291–7. doi:10.1177/2040620713485375. PMC 3734900. PMID 23926460.
- ↑ Gallagher, RP.; Spinelli, JJ.; Elwood, JM.; Skippen, DH. (1983). "Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma". Br J Cancer. 48 (6): 853–7. PMID 6652026. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)