Renal cell carcinoma staging
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]
Overview
The staging of renal cell carcinoma is based on the Robson classification system or on the Tumor-Lymph Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system.
Staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clear cell renal carcinomas can be classified according to staging or anatomic spread of the disease. Two commonly implemented systems are the Modified Robson's System (1969) and the TNM (Tumor - Nodes - Metastasis) System:
Robson's System
The Modified Robson's staging system has been proposed in 1969. It emphasizes the anatomic distribution of the tumor and proximity to important vasculature and lymph nodes with prognostic implications. [1][2][3]
| Definition | |
|---|---|
| Stage I | Tumor confined within parenchyma |
| Stage II | Tumor involves perinephric fat, but still confined within Gerota's fascia |
| Stage III | A) Tumor involves main renal vein or vena cava B) Tumor involves regional lymph nodes C) Tumor involves both local vessels and lymph nodes |
| Stage IV | A) Tumor involves adjacent organs other than adrenal gland B) Distant metastasis |
TNM System
The TNM classification system for staging of renal clear cell carcinoma is commonly used. The following TNM classification is based on the American Joint Committee Cancer (AJCC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).
| Stage | |
|---|---|
| Primary Tumor (T) | TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0: No evidence of primary tumor T1: Tumor 7 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney T1a: Tumor 4 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney T1b: Tumor more than 4 cm but not more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney T2: Tumor more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney T2a: Tumor more than 7 cm but less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney T2b: Tumor more than 10 cm, limited to the kidney T3: Tumor extends into major veins or perinephric tissues, but not into the ipsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond Gerota's fascia T3a: Tumor grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches, or tumor invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia T3b: Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava below the diaphragm T3c: Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava T4: Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia (including contiguous extension into the ipsilateral adrenal gland) |
| Regional Lymph Nodes (N) | NX: Regional lymph nodes (LN) cannot be assessed N0: No regional LN metastases N1: Metastasis in a single LN 2 cm or less N2: Metastasis in a single LN greater than 2 cm, but less than 5 cm, or multiple LN none greater than 5 cm N3: Metastasis in LN greater than 5 cm |
| Distant Metastasis (M) | M0: No distant metastasis M1: Distant metastasis |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Robson CJ, Churchill BM, Anderson W (1969). "The results of radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma". J Urol. 101 (3): 297–301. PMID 5765875.
- ↑ Lam JS, Klatte T, Breda A (2009). "Staging of renal cell carcinoma: Current concepts". Indian J Urol. 25 (4): 446–54. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.57906. PMID 19955666.
- ↑ Ridge CA, Pua BB, Madoff DC (March 2014). "Epidemiology and staging of renal cell carcinoma". Semin Intervent Radiol. 31 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363837. PMC 3930658. PMID 24596434.