Breast lumps risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]
Risk Factors
Associated risk factors leading to female breast cancer[1][2]:
- Age: probability of breast cancer from birth to 39 years; 1 in 202, from 40 to 59 years; 1 in 26, from 60 to 69 years; 1 in 28.
- Personal history of breast cancer
- Breast pathology: PD with atypia has greater risk of developing to breast cancer in comparison of PD.
- Family history: greater breast cancer risk in women with first-degree relatives with breast cancer under 50 years old.
- Genetic predisposition
- High risk; associated with relative risk about 3.0 to 7.0.
- Moderate risk
- Homozygous ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM)
- Somatic mutation in CHEK2
- BRCA1 modifier gene: BRIP1
- BRCA2 modifier gene: PALB2
- Low risk
- These alleles have not designated yet.
Endogenous hormone exposure and reproductive factors:
- Early menarche; under age of 13 years
- Parity; nulliparus is associated with increased risk of breast cancer
- Age at first full term pregnancy; younger age ( under 20 years considered as low risk and after 30 years old considered as high risk ) may decrease risk of breast cancer
- Breast feeding > 16 months decreased risk of breast cancer
- Testosterone; increased relative risk to 2.86-3.28.
- Age at menopause; older menopausal age (aged > 55 years ) associated with greater risk of breast cancer
- long term exposure> 5 years; increases chances of breast cancer
- Time of usage; nearly menopausal age associated with development to breast cancer
- Part or current use of contraceptive pills; relative risk of 1.07 to 1.2.
- Current use of hormonal replacement therapy; relative risk of 1.2.
These factors may increase risk of developing breast cancers:
- Alcohol consumption; approximately 2 to 5 drinks per day , developed with relative risk 1.4.
- Recreational exercise; relative risk of 0.70.
- Obesity; BMI: 25-29.9 and BMI >30 have relative risk of 1.28
- Previous history of radiation; at the age < 35 years old
References
- ↑ Shah R, Rosso K, Nathanson SD (2014). "Pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer". World J Clin Oncol. 5 (3): 283–98. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.283. PMC 4127601. PMID 25114845.
- ↑ Clemons M, Goss P (2001). "Estrogen and the risk of breast cancer". N Engl J Med. 344 (4): 276–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101253440407. PMID 11172156.