Annexin A1

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Annexin A1, also known as lipocortin I, is a protein that is encoded by the ANXA1 gene in humans.[1]

Function

Annexin A1 belongs to the annexin family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins that have a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 to 40,000 and are preferentially located on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. Annexin A1 protein has an apparent relative molecular mass of 40 kDa with phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity.[2]

Clinical significance

Effect on innate and adaptive immunity

Glucocorticoids (such as budesonide, cortisol, and beclomethasone) are a class of endogenous or synthetic anti-inflammatory steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. They are used in medicine to treat diseases caused by an overactive immune system, including allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and sepsis.[3] Because they suppress inflammatory pathways, long-term use of glucocorticoid drugs can lead to side-effects such as immunodeficiency and adrenal insufficiency.

The main mechanism of glucocorticoids' anti-inflammatory effects is to increase the synthesis and function of annexin A1.[4] Annexin A1 both suppresses phospholipase A2, thereby blocking eicosanoid production, and inhibits various leukocyte inflammatory events (epithelial adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, etc.). In other words, glucocorticoids not only suppress immune response, but also inhibit the two main products of inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes. They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis at the level of phospholipase A2 as well as at the level of cyclooxygenase/PGE isomerase (COX-1 and COX-2),[5] the latter effect being much like that of NSAIDs, potentiating the anti-inflammatory effect.

In resting conditions, human and mouse immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages contain high levels of annexin A1 in their cytoplasm. Following cell activation (for example, by neutrophil adhesion to endothelial-cell monolayers), annexin A1 is promptly mobilized to the cell surface and secreted. Annexin A1 promotes neutrophil detachment and apoptosis, and phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages. On the other hand, it reduces the tendency of neutrophils to penetrate the endothelium of blood vessels. In vitro and in vivo analyses show that exogenous and endogenous annexin A1 counter-regulate the activities of innate immune cells, particularly extravasation and the generation of proinflammatory mediators, which ensures that a sufficient level of activation is reached but not exceeded.[4]

Annexin A1 has important opposing properties during innate and adaptive immune responses: it inhibits innate immune cells and promotes T-cell activation. The activation of T cells results in the release of annexin A1 and the expression of its receptor. This pathway seems to fine-tune the strength of TCR signalling. Higher expression of annexin A1 during pathological conditions could increase the strength of TCR signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway, thereby causing a state of hyperactivation of T cells.[4]

Inflammation

Since phospholipase A2 is required for the biosynthesis of the potent mediators of inflammation, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, annexin A1 may have potential anti-inflammatory activity.[2]

Glucocorticoids stimulate production of lipocortin.[6] In this way, synthesis of eicosanoids are inhibited.

Cancer

Annexin A1 has been of interest for use as a potential anticancer drug. Upon induction by modified NSAIDS and other potent anti-inflammatory drugs, annexin A1 inhibits the NF-κB signal transduction pathway, which is exploited by cancerous cells to proliferate and avoid apoptosis. ANXA1 inhibits the activation of NF-κB by binding to the p65 subunit.[7]

Leukemia

The gene for annexin A1 (ANXA1) is upregulated in hairy cell leukemia. ANXA1 protein expression is specific to hairy cell leukemia. Detection of ANXA1 (by immunocytochemical means) reportedly provides a simple, highly sensitive, and specific assay for the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.[8]

Breast cancer

Altered annexin A1 expression levels through modulation of the immune system effects the initiation and spread of breast cancer, but the association is complex and conclusions of published studies often conflict.[9]

Exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to high physiological levels (up to 100 nM) of estrogen lead to an up-regulation of annexin A1 expression partially through the activation of CREB, and dependent on activation of the estrogen receptor alpha. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with physiological levels of estrogen (1 nM) induced proliferation while high pregnancy levels of estrogen (100 nM) induced a growth arrest of MCF-7 cells. Silencing of ANXA1 with specific siRNA reverses the estrogen-dependent proliferation as well as growth arrest. ANXA1 is lost in clinical breast cancer, indicating that the anti-proliferative protective function of ANXA1 against high levels of estrogen may be lost in breast cancer. This data suggests that ANXA1 may act as a tumor suppressor gene and modulate the proliferative functions of estrogens.[10]

Annexin A1 protects against DNA damage induced by heat in breast cancer cells, adding to the evidence that it has tumor suppressive and protective activities. When ANXA1 is silenced or lost in cancer, cells are more prone to DNA damage, indicating its unidentified diverse role in genome maintenance or integrity.[11] Annexin A1 has also been shown to be associated with treatment resistance. ARID1A loss activates annexin A1 expression, which is required for drug resistance (mTOR inhibitor or trastuzumab) through its activation of AKT.[12][13]

References

  1. ↑ Wallner BP, Mattaliano RJ, Hession C, Cate RL, Tizard R, Sinclair LK, Foeller C, Chow EP, Browing JL, Ramachandran KL (1986). "Cloning and expression of human lipocortin, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity". Nature. 320 (6057): 77–81. doi:10.1038/320077a0. PMID 2936963.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: ANXA1 annexin A1".
  3. ↑ Rhen T, Cidlowski JA (October 2005). "Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids--new mechanisms for old drugs". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (16): 1711–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050541. PMID 16236742.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Perretti M, D'Acquisto F (January 2009). "Annexin A1 and glucocorticoids as effectors of the resolution of inflammation". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9 (1): 62–70. doi:10.1038/nri2470. PMID 19104500.
  5. ↑ Goppelt-Struebe M, Wolter D, Resch K (December 1989). "Glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandin synthesis not only at the level of phospholipase A2 but also at the level of cyclo-oxygenase/PGE isomerase". Br. J. Pharmacol. 98 (4): 1287–95. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb12676.x. PMC 1854794. PMID 2514948.
  6. ↑ Peers SH, Smillie F, Elderfield AJ, Flower RJ (January 1993). "Glucocorticoid-and non-glucocorticoid induction of lipocortins (annexins) 1 and 2 in rat peritoneal leucocytes in vivo". British Journal of Pharmacology. 108 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13441.x. PMC 1907693. PMID 8428216.
  7. ↑ Zhang Z, Huang L, Zhao W, Rigas B (March 2010). "Annexin 1 induced by anti-inflammatory drugs binds to NF-kappaB and inhibits its activation: anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo". Cancer Res. 70 (6): 2379–88. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4204. PMC 2953961. PMID 20215502.
  8. ↑ Falini B, Tiacci E, Liso A, Basso K, Sabattini E, Pacini R, Foa R, Pulsoni A, Dalla Favera R, Pileri S (June 2004). "Simple diagnostic assay for hairy cell leukaemia by immunocytochemical detection of annexin A1 (ANXA1)". Lancet. 363 (9424): 1869–70. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16356-3. PMID 15183626.
  9. ↑ Tu Y, Johnstone CN, Stewart AG (2017). "Annexin A1 influences in breast cancer: Controversies on contributions to tumour, host and immunoediting processes". Pharmacological Research. 119: 278–288. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.011. PMID 28212890.
  10. ↑ Ang EZ, Nguyen HT, Sim HL, Putti TC, Lim LH (February 2009). "Annexin-1 regulates growth arrest induced by high levels of estrogen in MCF-7 breast cancer cells". Molecular Cancer Research. 7 (2): 266–74. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0147. PMID 19208747.
  11. ↑ Nair S, Hande MP, Lim LH (August 2010). "Annexin-1 protects MCF7 breast cancer cells against heat-induced growth arrest and DNA damage". Cancer Letters. 294 (1): 111–7. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.026. PMID 20163912.
  12. ↑ Berns K, Sonnenblick A, Gennissen A, Brohée S, Hijmans EM, Evers B, Fumagalli D, Desmedt C, Loibl S, Denkert C, Neven P, Guo W, Zhang F, Knijnenburg TA, Bosse T, van der Heijden MS, Hindriksen S, Nijkamp W, Wessels LF, Joensuu H, Mills GB, Beijersbergen RL, Sotiriou C, Bernards R (November 2016). "Loss of ARID1A Activates ANXA1, which Serves as a Predictive Biomarker for Trastuzumab Resistance". Clinical Cancer Research. 22 (21): 5238–5248. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2996. PMID 27172896.
  13. ↑ Sonnenblick A, Brohée S, Fumagalli D, Rothé F, Vincent D, Ignatiadis M, Desmedt C, Salgado R, Sirtaine N, Loi S, Neven P, Loibl S, Denkert C, Joensuu H, Piccart M, Sotiriou C (October 2015). "Integrative proteomic and gene expression analysis identify potential biomarkers for adjuvant trastuzumab resistance: analysis from the Fin-her phase III randomized trial". Oncotarget. 6 (30): 30306–16. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5080. PMC 4745800. PMID 26358523.

Further reading

  • Crompton MR, Moss SE, Crumpton MJ (1988). "Diversity in the lipocortin/calpactin family". Cell. 55 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90002-5. PMID 2971450.
  • Lim LH, Pervaiz S (2007). "Annexin 1: the new face of an old molecule". FASEB J. 21 (4): 968–75. doi:10.1096/fj.06-7464rev. PMID 17215481.
  • Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin". J. Infect. 24 (3): 317–20. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4. PMID 1602151.
  • Ando Y, Imamura S, Owada MK, Kannagi R (1991). "Calcium-induced intracellular cross-linking of lipocortin I by tissue transglutaminase in A431 cells. Augmentation by membrane phospholipids". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (2): 1101–8. PMID 1670773.
  • Kovacic RT, Tizard R, Cate RL, et al. (1991). "Correlation of gene and protein structure of rat and human lipocortin I.". Biochemistry. 30 (37): 9015–21. doi:10.1021/bi00101a015. PMID 1832554.
  • Varticovski L, Chahwala SB, Whitman M, et al. (1988). "Location of sites in human lipocortin I that are phosphorylated by protein tyrosine kinases and protein kinases A and C.". Biochemistry. 27 (10): 3682–90. doi:10.1021/bi00410a024. PMID 2457390.
  • Pepinsky RB, Sinclair LK, Chow EP, O'Brine-Greco B (1990). "A dimeric form of lipocortin-1 in human placenta". Biochem. J. 263 (1): 97–103. PMC 1133395. PMID 2532504.
  • Kaplan R, Jaye M, Burgess WH, et al. (1988). "Cloning and expression of cDNA for human endonexin II, a Ca2+ and phospholipid binding protein". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (17): 8037–43. PMID 2967291.
  • Huebner K, Cannizzaro LA, Frey AZ, et al. (1988). "Chromosomal localization of the human genes for lipocortin I and lipocortin II". Oncogene Res. 2 (4): 299–310. PMID 2969496.
  • Biemann K, Scoble HA (1987). "Characterization by tandem mass spectrometry of structural modifications in proteins". Science. 237 (4818): 992–8. doi:10.1126/science.3303336. PMID 3303336.
  • Arcone R, Arpaia G, Ruoppolo M, et al. (1993). "Structural characterization of a biologically active human lipocortin 1 expressed in Escherichia coli". Eur. J. Biochem. 211 (1–2): 347–55. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb19904.x. PMID 8425544.
  • Weng X, Luecke H, Song IS, et al. (1993). "Crystal structure of human annexin I at 2.5 A resolution". Protein Sci. 2 (3): 448–58. doi:10.1002/pro.5560020317. PMC 2142391. PMID 8453382.
  • Mailliard WS, Haigler HT, Schlaepfer DD (1996). "Calcium-dependent binding of S100C to the N-terminal domain of annexin I.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (2): 719–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.2.719. PMID 8557678.
  • Morgan RO, Fernández MP (1996). "A BC200-derived element and Z-DNA as structural markers in annexin I genes: relevance to Alu evolution and annexin tetrad formation". J. Mol. Evol. 41 (6): 979–85. doi:10.1007/bf00173179. PMID 8587144.
  • Almawi WY, Saouda MS, Stevens AC, et al. (1997). "Partial mediation of glucocorticoid antiproliferative effects by lipocortins". J. Immunol. 157 (12): 5231–9. PMID 8955167.
  • Croxtall JD, Wu HL, Yang HY, et al. (1998). "Lipocortin 1 co-associates with cytokeratins 8 and 18 in A549 cells via the N-terminal domain". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1401 (1): 39–51. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(97)00120-1. PMID 9459484.
  • Gao J, Li Y, Yan H (1999). "NMR solution structure of domain 1 of human annexin I shows an autonomous folding unit". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (5): 2971–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.2971. PMID 9915835.
  • Manda R, Kohno T, Matsuno Y, et al. (1999). "Identification of genes (SPON2 and C20orf2) differentially expressed between cancerous and noncancerous lung cells by mRNA differential display". Genomics. 61 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5939. PMID 10512675.

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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