Horseshoe kidney natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging.However the outcome depends on associated urologic problems.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
- The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
- If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
- The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging.However the outcome depends on associated urologic problems.
Complications
- Common complications of [disease name] include:[1]
- Pelviureteric junction obstruction leading to hydronephrosis
- Vesicoureteric reflux
- Renal stones
- Urinary tract infection
- Increased risk of nephroblastoma and an approximately threefold to fourfold higher risk for cancer of the renal pelvis.[2]
- Increased risk for extrarenal disorders that has been associated with horseshoe kidney are gastrointestinal tract and vertebral malformations, CNS disorders and cardiovascular disease.[3]
- Increasing association with Wilm's tumour
- Traumatic injury as low positioning prevents protection by ribs
Prognosis
- Prognosis is generally excellent in majority of the patients,without any intervention.[4][5](and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [--]%.)
- Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
- The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
- [Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
- The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.
References
- ↑ Shah HU, Ojili V (2017). "Multimodality imaging spectrum of complications of horseshoe kidney". Indian J Radiol Imaging. 27 (2): 133–140. doi:10.4103/ijri.IJRI_298_16. PMC 5510309. PMID 28744072.
- ↑ . 2012. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-41746-X. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Je BK, Kim HK, Horn PS (2015). "Incidence and Spectrum of Renal Complications and Extrarenal Diseases and Syndromes in 380 Children and Young Adults With Horseshoe Kidney". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205 (6): 1306–14. doi:10.2214/AJR.15.14625. PMID 26587938.
- ↑ GLENN JF (1959). "Analysis of 51 patients with horseshoe kidney". N Engl J Med. 261: 684–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM195910012611402. PMID 13828436.
- ↑ Culp OS (1944). "Treatment of Horseshoe Kidneys". Ann Surg. 119 (5): 777–87. PMC 1617854. PMID 17858404.