Hepatopulmonary syndrome history and symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

The majority of patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of hepatopulmonary syndrome is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of hepatopulmonary syndrome. The most common symptoms of hepatopulmonary syndrome include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of hepatopulmonary syndrome include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History and Symptoms

• The majority of patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome (80 percent) initially present with their liver disease symptoms. The remained 20 percent present with pulmonary symptoms. The most complication and prsentation is an insidiously progressive shortness of breath (dyspnea) at rest or upon exertion.

• The hallmark of hepatopulmonary syndrome is platypnea (dyspnea in upright position which is improved in supine position), and orthodeoxia (a drop of 4mmHg in PaO2 or 5% in saturation when moving from the supine to the standing position). Almost 90 percent of patients with HPS present with this specific finding.
• Other sign and symptoms of hepatopulmonary syndrome may include Spider angiomata, clubbing of fingers or toes, and cyanosis .

History

Patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome] may have a positive history of:

• [History finding 1]
• [History finding 2]
• [History finding 3]

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of [disease] include:

• [Symptom 1]
• [Symptom 2]
• [Symptom 3]

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of hepatopulmonary syndrome include

• [Symptom 1]
• [Symptom 2]
• [Symptom 3]