Patent foramen ovale pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [3]
Overview
A patent foramen ovale is a flap-like structure in inter-atrial septum that is formed by failure of postnatal fusion of septum primum and septum secundum. It periodically opens and allows blood to shunt between the two atria. Thus, it is also sometimes called as a probe patent (PFO). This flap-like structure functions like a one-way valve mechanism that only opens to allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium during times where there is an increase flow or pressure in the right atrium. Elevation of pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system (i.e. pulmonary hypertension, cough or valsalva maneuver) can cause the foramen ovale to open.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
Pathogenesis
- A foramen ovale is a remnant from the fetal circulation. It may remain patent after birth and through adulthood.[1][2]
- Soon after birth, as an infant takes their first breath, the negative intrathoracic pressure closes the foramen ovale.[3]
- The foramen ovale remains open when the septum primum and septum secundum fail to fuse making the closure incomplete. This patent foramen ovale permits interatrial flow of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium during periods when the right atrial pressure exceeds that of the left atrium.[2][3]
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with patent foramen ovale include:[4]
- Migraine headaches
References
- ↑ Morjaria R, Tsaloumas M, Shah P (2015). "An unusual presentation of patent foramen ovale". JRSM Open. 6 (8): 2054270415596320. doi:10.1177/2054270415596320. PMC 4562378. PMID 26380102.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wahl A, Windecker S, Meier B (2001). "Patent foramen ovale: pathophysiology and therapeutic options in symptomatic patients". Minerva Cardioangiol. 49 (6): 403–11. PMID 11733736.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Giblett JP, Abdul-Samad O, Shapiro LM, Rana BS, Calvert PA (2019). "Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in 2019". Interv Cardiol. 14 (1): 34–41. doi:10.15420/icr.2018.33.2. PMC 6406129. PMID 30858890.
- ↑ Yakhkind, A.; Castaldo, J.; Leary, M.C. (2017). "Stroke and Migraine": 570–573. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803058-5.00111-9.