Myocarditis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S., Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3] Homa Najafi, M.D.[4]
Overview
In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of sudden death are due to myocarditis. Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
In routine autopsies, 1-9% of all patients had evidence of myocardial inflammation.
Age
In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of sudden death are due to myocarditis.
Gender
Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females. This may be due to protection conferred by the ovarian cycle.[1]
Race
No difference in frequency of myocarditis has been observed between various races.
Etiology in Developed Countries
- Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis in developed countries.
- Common viral causes include coxsackie B and enterovirus.
- The frequency of dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to myocarditis is 7.5-10 per 100,000 individuals with enterovirus infections, with the Coxsackie-B viruses being the most common cause.[2]
- Recent studies show that adenovirus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis C, and human herpes virus 6 were the common causes for myocarditis.[3][4]
- Myocarditis secondary to lyme disease should be suspected in people traveling to regions where it is endemic, particularly if there are associated conduction abnormalities of the heart.[5]
Etiology in Developing Countries
In South America, Chagas' disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) is the main cause of myocarditis. Other causes in developing countries include rheumatic fever[6] and HIV infection.
References
- ↑ Schwartz J, Sartini D, Huber S (2004). "Myocarditis susceptibility in female mice depends upon ovarian cycle phase at infection". Virology. 330 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.051. PMID 15527830.
- ↑ Friman G, Wesslén L, Fohlman J, Karjalainen J, Rolf C (1995). "The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy". Eur Heart J. 16 Suppl O: 36–41. PMID 8682098.
- ↑ Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bültmann B, Müller T; et al. (2008). "Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis". Circulation. 118 (6): 639–48. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489. PMID 18645053. Unknown parameter
|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=ignored (help) - ↑ Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D; et al. (2005). "High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 111 (7): 887–93. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35. PMID 15699250. Unknown parameter
|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=ignored (help) - ↑ McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S (1989). "Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block". Ann Intern Med. 110 (5): 339–45. PMID 2644885.
- ↑ Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M (2005). "The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 685–94. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X. PMID 16253886.