Pacemaker syndrome echocardiography

	Pacemaker syndrome Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]

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Echocardiography

Transthoracic echocardiogram may reveal reduced cardiac output especially with the ventricularly paced rhythms in patients with pacemaker syndrome.
Altered ventricular activation patterns may also be observed.
Lee and associates reported the following findings on transesophageal echocardiogram:
- Higher atrial reverse flow velocities
- Spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta
- Mitral regurgitation in ventricularly paced rhythms