Sandbox: RAB

Ego defenses

Immature Defenses

• Acting Out

  Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions

• Denial

  Avoiding the awreness of painful reality

• Displacemnet

  Transferring avoided ideas to neutral persons

• Idealization

  Expressing extreme positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts

• Identification

  Modeling behaviour after one person who is more powerful.

These ego defenses are unconsious or conscious

DEFENSES
DEFENSES
Defenses

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Mature Defenses

• Sublimitaion

  Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one's value system.

• Altruism

  alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity.

• Suppression

  Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling.

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16,Saturday,11,2024

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	Increased behaviour	Decreased behaviour
Add stimulus	(+)ve reinformation	(+)ve punishment
Remove stimulus	(-)ve reinformation	(-)ve punishment

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Tumor nomenclature

Carcinoma implies epithelial origin,whereas sarcoma denotes mesenchymal origin. Both terms imply malignancy. terms for non-neoplastic malformations include hamartoma(disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their native location, eg, Peutz- Jeghes polyps) and choriostoma9 normal tissue in foreign location, eg, gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel Diverticulum).

• Benign tumor may show well demarcation, well diffreentiation, low mitotic activity, no necrosis, no metastasis.
• Malignant tumor shows poor demarcation, poor mitotic activity, erratic growth, local invasion, metastasis, reduced apoptosis. Upregulation of telomerase prevents chromosome shortening and cell death.

CELL TYPE	Benign	Malignant
Epithelium	Adenoma,papilloma	Adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
Messenchmye
Blood cells		lekaemia,Lymphoma
Blood vessels	Hemangioma	Angiosarcoma
Smooth muscle	Leiomyoma	Leiomyosarcoma
Striated muscle	Rhabdomyoma	Rhabdomyosarcoma
Connective tissue	Fibroma	Fibrosarcoma
Bone	Osteoma	Osteosarcoma
Fat	Lipoma	Liposarcoma
Melanocyte	Nevus/Mole	Melanoma

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here is how we use reference

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TYPE	DEFINITION	EXAMPLES	STRATEGY TO REDUCE BIAS
Selection Bias	Error in assigning subjects to a study group resulting in an unreprestative sample.Most commomnly a sampling bias	Berkson Bias study population selected from hospital is less healthy than general population Healthy worker effect study population is healthier than the general population Non-response bias participating subjects differ from nonrespondents in meaningful ways.	randomization
Recall Bias	Awareness of disorder alters recall by subjects; common in retrospective studies	patients with disease recall exposure after learning of similar cases	Decrease time from exposure to followup
Measurement Bias	Information is gathered in a systemically distorted manner.	Association between HPV and cervical cancer not observed when using non-standarized classifications/	Use objective, standardized, and previously tested methods of data collection that are planned ahead of time
Procedure Bias	subjects in different groups are not treated the same	patients in treatment group spend more time in highly specialized hospital units	Blinding and use of placebo
Observer- expectancy Bias	Researche's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment	If observer expects treatment group to show signs of recovery, then he is more likely to document positive outcomes.	Blinding