Sandbox: ifrah

Synonyms and keywords: Diabetes; Diabetes insipidus; Diabetes insipidus; Congenital nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus; Cranial Diabetes insipidus; nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus; non-nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus; renal Diabetes mellitus type 1

Definition

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that results in dysregulation of blood sugar in the body.

Types

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Sudden onset
Age: Any age, but mostly young
ketoacidosis common
Endogenous insulin low or absent

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Gradual onset
Age: Mostly adults
- May occur in younger individuals
Ketoacidosis rare
Endogenous insulin may be
1. normal
2. increased or
3. decreased

Symptoms

Diabetes mellitus is usually asymptomatic.
Symptoms of Diabetes may include the following:

Pathophysiology

Combination of factors

Insulin deficiency
Development of relative insulin resistance ^[1]

Insulin resistnace

Insulin resistance may be due to an inherent genetic risk factor. Insulin resistance may become more severe with increasing weight and age. It results in impaired glucose tolerance and overt hyperglycemia. Overt hyperglycemia may itself result in a toxic effect on beta cells by decreasing insulin gene expression. ^[2]

↑ Chen KW, Boyko EJ, Bergstrom RW, Leonetti DL, Newell-Morris L, Wahl PW; et al. (1995). "Earlier appearance of impaired insulin secretion than of visceral adiposity in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. 5-Year follow-up of initially nondiabetic Japanese-American men". Diabetes Care. 18 (6): 747–53. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.747. PMID 7555498.
↑ Moran A, Zhang HJ, Olson LK, Harmon JS, Poitout V, Robertson RP (1997). "Differentiation of glucose toxicity from beta cell exhaustion during the evolution of defective insulin gene expression in the pancreatic islet cell line, HIT-T15". J Clin Invest. 99 (3): 534–9. doi:10.1172/JCI119190. PMC 507829. PMID 9022089.

[pmid7555498-1] Chen KW, Boyko EJ, Bergstrom RW, Leonetti DL, Newell-Morris L, Wahl PW; et al. (1995). "Earlier appearance of impaired insulin secretion than of visceral adiposity in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. 5-Year follow-up of initially nondiabetic Japanese-American men". Diabetes Care. 18 (6): 747–53. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.747. PMID 7555498.

[pmid9022089-2] Moran A, Zhang HJ, Olson LK, Harmon JS, Poitout V, Robertson RP (1997). "Differentiation of glucose toxicity from beta cell exhaustion during the evolution of defective insulin gene expression in the pancreatic islet cell line, HIT-T15". J Clin Invest. 99 (3): 534–9. doi:10.1172/JCI119190. PMC 507829. PMID 9022089.

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