Asperger syndrome overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a category of neurodevelopmental disorders with problems in social communication/interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors/interests. According to the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) released by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 2013, Asperger Syndrome (AS) goes under a spectrum of disorders called 'Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)'. Asperger Syndrome is named after Hans Asperger, an Austrian physician. He was the first to describe and separate Asperger Syndrome from autism and called it 'autistic psychopathy' which later became known as Asperger Syndrome.
Historical Perspective
Asperger Syndrome (AS) is believed to be first described as ‘autistic psychopathy’ in German by Hans Asperger.[1][2] He distinguished his cases from autism which later became known as 'Asperger's Syndrome'.[3] In 1981, Lorna Wing published Asperger’s works in English.[4] In 1994, DSM-4 classified Asperger Syndrome (AS) as a subtype in the category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). In 2013, DSM-5 combined 4 of the 5 subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) category.[5]
Classification
According to the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)[1] released by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 2013, Asperger Syndrome (AS) is in the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) category. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a category of neurodevelopmental disorders in DSM-5 with problems in social communication/interaction, restricted and repetitive behaviors/interests.
Pathophysiology
The exact pathophysiology of Asperger Syndrome is unknown, however some neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have reported some findings.
Causes
The exact cause of Asperger (AS) is unknown. Many factors including genetics, family history of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and enviornmental factors such as older parental age, prematurity, low birth weight and pregnancy complications have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[6][7][8]Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder and mood disorders.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence rates for Asperger Syndrome ranges from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000 in different studies.[1] In 2014, the overall prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) was estimated to be 16.8 per 1,000 children aged 8 years.[9] The male to female prevalence ratio for ASD is approximately 4 to 1.[9] The estimate for ASD prevalence was 7% and 22% higher among white children compared to black and Hispanic children respectively.[9]
Risk factors
Several risk factors associated with Asperger Syndrome (AS) and austim spectrum disorder (ASD) are: male gender, older parental age, family history of austim spectrum disorder (ASD), prematurity, low birth weight and pregnancy complications.[9][10][8][7][11][12]
History and Symptoms
A pervasive developmental disorder, Asperger's syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom. It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction, by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, activities and interests, and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language.[13] Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one-sided verbosity, restricted prosody, and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis.[14]
Behavioral Therapy
Asperger syndrome treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development, with intervention tailored to the needs of the individual child, based on multidisciplinary assessment.[15] Although progress has been made, data supporting the efficacy of particular interventions are limited.[16]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fombonne E, Tidmarsh L (2003). "Epidemiologic data on Asperger disorder". Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 12 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00050-0. PMID 12512396.
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpmid28102992 - ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2000). "Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR) ed.). ISBN 0-89042-025-4. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
- ↑ Klin A (2006). "Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview". Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 28 (suppl 1): S3–S11. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002. PMID 16791390.
- ↑ Khouzam HR, El-Gabalawi F, Pirwani N, Priest F (2004). "Asperger's disorder: a review of its diagnosis and treatment". Compr Psychiatry. 45 (3): 184–91. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.02.004. PMID 15124148.
- ↑ Attwood T (2003). "Frameworks for behavioral interventions". Child Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 12 (1): 65–86. doi:10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00054-8. PMID 12512399.