| Diseases
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Symptoms
|
Physical Examination
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Diagnostic tests
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Other Findings
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| Dyspnea on Exertion
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Chest Pain
|
Hemoptysis
|
Fever
|
Tachypnea
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Tachycardia
|
Chest X-ray
|
EKG
|
Echocardiography>
|
CT scan and MRI
|
| COVID-associated heart failure
|
✔
|
-
|
✔
|
-
|
✔
|
✔
|
- Cardiomegaly
- Pulmonary edema (interstitial, alveolar)
|
- LVH
- Low-voltage
- Non-specific ST-T change
|
|
|
Increased NT-proBNP and cardiac troponins levels
|
| COVID-associated pneumonia
|
✔ (Usually high]]
|
✔ (Pleuritic)
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
|
- Prolonged PR interval
- Transient T wave inversions
|
-
|
- CT: Consalidation, reticulonodular pattern
|
Increased inflammatory markers, including ESR, hs-CRP
|
| COVID-associated ARDS
|
✔
|
-
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
- Bilateral ground-glass opacities
|
-
|
- Signs of RV dysfunction/RV dilatation may be seen
|
- CT: Bilateral intesrtitial edema
|
-
|
| COVID-associated myocarditis
|
✔
|
✔
|
-
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
- Pericardial effusion may be detectable
|
- Non-specific:may show nonspecific ST-T abnormalities, sinus tachycardia and conduction abnormalities (such as bundle-branch blocks or atrioventricular conduction delays)
|
- Non-specific: In fulminant myocarditis cardiac chamber sizes are usually normal with an increased septal thickness (secondary to acute myocardial edema), whereas in acute myocarditis marked left ventricular dilation and normal wall thickness might be seen.
- Pericardial effusion may be be seen.
|
- CMR: T2-weighted edema imaging shows the presence of “acute myocardial inflammation”. "Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging” can demonstrate myocardial damage.
|
Increased cardiac troponins level
|
| COVID-associated pulmonary embolism
|
✔ (Usually sudden-onset)
|
✔ (Pleauritic)
|
✔ (If massive PE)
|
✔ (Low-grade)
|
✔
|
✔
|
|
- Non-specific:may show S1Q3T3 pattern
|
- May show signs of RV strain, Rv dilatation, Rv dysfunction (if large PE)
|
- On CT angiography: Intra-luminal filling defect
- On MRI: Narrowing of involved vessel
- No contrast seen distal to obstruction
- Polo-mint sign (partial filling defect surrounded by contrast)
|
- Increased D-dimer, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products
- May have symptoms and/or signs of accompanying DVT
|