Syncope classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]: Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2]
Overview
Syncope is usually classified based on the underlying mechanisms leading to hypoperfusion. According to European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline, syncope is classified to neurally-mediated, orthostatic hypotension, and cardiovascular subtypes. There are some conditions that are incorrectly diagnosed as syncope. These conditions are usually associated with partial or complete loss of consciousness such as epilepsy, metabolic disorders, transient ischemic attack or conditions with loss of posture and without loss of consciousness like cataplexy, drop attacks, falls and pseudo-syncope.
Classification
Syncope is usually classified based on the underlying mechanisms leading to hypoperfusion. According to European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline, syncope is classified to:
- Neurally-mediated
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Cardiovascular
There are some conditions that are incorrectly diagnosed as syncope. These conditions are usually associated with partial or complete loss of consciousness or with loss of posture and without loss of consciousness. The table below is one of the suggested classification systems for syncope:[1][2][3]
| Neurally-Mediated Syncope |
| Vasovagal |
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| Situational |
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| Carotid sinus syncope |
| Syncope due to Orthostatic Hypotension |
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| Autonomic failure |
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| Drug induced: |
| Volume depletion |
| Cardiovascular Syncope |
| Arrhythmia |
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| Structural heart disease |
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| Other cardiovascular: |
| Conditions Incorrectly Diagnosed as Syncope |
| Disorders with partial or complete loss of consciousness |
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| Conditions without loss of consciousness |
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| The above table adopted from ESC guideline |
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References
- ↑ Moya, A.; Sutton, R.; Ammirati, F.; Blanc, J.-J.; Brignole, M.; Dahm, J. B.; Deharo, J.-C.; Gajek, J.; Gjesdal, K.; Krahn, A.; Massin, M.; Pepi, M.; Pezawas, T.; Granell, R. R.; Sarasin, F.; Ungar, A.; van Dijk, J. G.; Walma, E. P.; Wieling, W.; Abe, H.; Benditt, D. G.; Decker, W. W.; Grubb, B. P.; Kaufmann, H.; Morillo, C.; Olshansky, B.; Parry, S. W.; Sheldon, R.; Shen, W. K.; Vahanian, A.; Auricchio, A.; Bax, J.; Ceconi, C.; Dean, V.; Filippatos, G.; Funck-Brentano, C.; Hobbs, R.; Kearney, P.; McDonagh, T.; McGregor, K.; Popescu, B. A.; Reiner, Z.; Sechtem, U.; Sirnes, P. A.; Tendera, M.; Vardas, P.; Widimsky, P.; Auricchio, A.; Acarturk, E.; Andreotti, F.; Asteggiano, R.; Bauersfeld, U.; Bellou, A.; Benetos, A.; Brandt, J.; Chung, M. K.; Cortelli, P.; Da Costa, A.; Extramiana, F.; Ferro, J.; Gorenek, B.; Hedman, A.; Hirsch, R.; Kaliska, G.; Kenny, R. A.; Kjeldsen, K. P.; Lampert, R.; Molgard, H.; Paju, R.; Puodziukynas, A.; Raviele, A.; Roman, P.; Scherer, M.; Schondorf, R.; Sicari, R.; Vanbrabant, P.; Wolpert, C.; Zamorano, J. L. (2009). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)". European Heart Journal. 30 (21): 2631–2671. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298. ISSN 0195-668X.
- ↑ Sutton, Richard (2013). "Clinical Classification of Syncope". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 55 (4): 339–344. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2012.11.005. ISSN 0033-0620.
- ↑ Puppala, Venkata Krishna; Dickinson, Oana; Benditt, David G. (2014). "Syncope: Classification and risk stratification". Journal of Cardiology. 63 (3): 171–177. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.03.019. ISSN 0914-5087.