Pulmonic regurgitation classification
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Pulmonic regurgitation Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2], Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[3], Javaria Anwer M.D.[4]
Overview
Pulmonary valve regurgitation (PR) may be classified according to etiology of the regurgitant flow and severity of the disease. Based on the etiology of the regurgitant flow, PR maybe classified into primary and secondary/ functional types. Severity of the disease may classify into mild, moderate and severe disease. New York Heart Association's (NYHA) functional classification helps to guage the severity of the heart failure which is a complication of PR.
Classification
Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) may be classified into subtypes based on the etiology of the regurgitant flow, severity of the disease and chronicity.[1]
Based on the Etiology
Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) may be classified into two subtypes based on either intrinsic or extrinsic factors involved in the development of the disease:
- Primary pulmonary regurgitation[2]: The valvular pathology is the cause of PR. Isolated PR is very rare and is most commonly associated with other congenital heart diseases.
- Secondary or functional pulmonary regurgitation[3][4][5]: The pulmonary valve function is normal. Conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary artery aneurysm cause dilation of the valve annulus resulting in regurgitation. Secondary PR is more common than primary PR.
Based on the Severity
Pulmonary valve regurgitation may be classified into three categories based on the severity of the regurgitant flow:[6][7]
| Severity | Mild | Moderate | Severe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Valve morphology | Normal | Normal to abnormal | Abnormal |
| Symptom status | Usually asymptomatic | Mild symptoms | Significant symptoms |
| Causes | Physiologic PR | Secondary causes of PR (such as pulmonary artery dilation) |
Post procedure (such as valvulotomy) or anatomic abnormalities of the valve |
Based on the Chronicity
Pulmonic regurgitation (PR) may be classified into two subtypes based on the chronicity of the disease. Chronic diseases are broadly defined as conditions that last 1 year or more.[8]
- Acute PR: Acute PR may occur due to infective endocarditis and blunt chest trauma with direct injury to heart structures specially in patients with abnormal dilation of pulmonary arteries.[9]
- Chronic PR: Regurgitation through the pulmonic valve usually develops progressively after pulmonic valvotomy post pulmonary valve stenosis repair or TOF repair.[9]
Other Classifications
- According to the 2018 ACHD guidelines, moderate or greater pulmonary valve regurgitation lies under moderate complexity according to ACHD (adult congenital heart disease) anatomic and physiological classification.[10]
- Pulmonic regurgitation may lead to right and eventually left heart failure. New York Heart Association's (NYHA) functional classification helps to guage the severity of the heart failure via physical disability of the patient. To read more about the NYHA classification click here.
Staging
According to the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC), the staging of valvular heart disease is based on the progression of the disease. Although the staging has not been specified for PR, it is a useful tool to access the disease course.[11]
- Stage A (at risk) : Patient has developed risk factors for the development of the disease. Asymptomatic patient. Development of pulmonary hypertension (PAH) as a risk for PR is an example.
- Stage B (progressive): Patient has developed mild-moderate disease. Asymptomatic patient.
- Stage C (asymptomatic severe): Patient has developed severe disease. Asymptomatic patient but exercise test can confirm symptom status.
- Stage D (symptomatic severe): Patient has developed severe disease. Symptomatic patient such as heart failure symptoms.
References
- ↑ Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Hahn, Rebecca T.; Han, Yuchi; Hung, Judy; Lang, Roberto M.; Little, Stephen H.; Shah, Dipan J.; Shernan, Stanton; Thavendiranathan, Paaladinesh; Thomas, James D.; Weissman, Neil J. (2017). "Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation". Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 30 (4): 303–371. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. ISSN 0894-7317.
- ↑ Chaturvedi RR, Redington AN (2007). "Pulmonary regurgitation in congenital heart disease". Heart. 93 (7): 880–9. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.075234. PMC 1994453. PMID 17569817.
- ↑ Di Lullo L, Floccari F, Rivera R, Barbera V, Granata A, Otranto G; et al. (2013). "Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Heart Failure in Chronic Kidney Disease: New Challenge for 21st-Century Cardionephrologists". Cardiorenal Med. 3 (2): 96–103. doi:10.1159/000350952. PMC 3721135. PMID 23922549.
- ↑ Frigiola, A.; Giardini, A.; Taylor, A.; Tsang, V.; Derrick, G.; Khambadkone, S.; Walker, F.; Cullen, S.; Bonhoeffer, P.; Marek, J. (2012). "Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic biventricular properties in patients operated for severe pulmonary regurgitation and association with exercise capacity". European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 13 (8): 697–702. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jes002. ISSN 2047-2404.
- ↑ Fauci, Anthony (2008). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0071466332.
- ↑ Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K; et al. (2010). "Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography". J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 23 (7): 685–713, quiz 786-8. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010. PMID 20620859.
- ↑ Lancellotti, P.; Tribouilloy, C.; Hagendorff, A.; Moura, L.; Popescu, B. A.; Agricola, E.; Monin, J. L.; Pierard, L. A.; Badano, L.; Zamorano, J. L.; Sicari, R.; Vahanian, A.; Roelandt, J. R. T. C. (2010). "European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease)". European Journal of Echocardiography. 11 (3): 223–244. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jeq030. ISSN 1525-2167.
- ↑ "About Chronic Diseases | CDC".
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 DePace, Nicholas L; Nestico, Pasquale F; Iskandrian, Abdulmassih S; Morganroth, Joel (1984). "Acute severe pulmonic valve regurgitation: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment". American Heart Journal. 108 (3): 567–573. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(84)90425-3. ISSN 0002-8703.
- ↑ Stout, Karen K.; Daniels, Curt J.; Aboulhosn, Jamil A.; Bozkurt, Biykem; Broberg, Craig S.; Colman, Jack M.; Crumb, Stephen R.; Dearani, Joseph A.; Fuller, Stephanie; Gurvitz, Michelle; Khairy, Paul; Landzberg, Michael J.; Saidi, Arwa; Valente, Anne Marie; Van Hare, George F. (2019). "2018 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 139 (14). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000602. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Nishimura, Rick A.; Otto, Catherine M.; Bonow, Robert O.; Carabello, Blase A.; Erwin, John P.; Guyton, Robert A.; O’Gara, Patrick T.; Ruiz, Carlos E.; Skubas, Nikolaos J.; Sorajja, Paul; Sundt, Thoralf M.; Thomas, James D. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary". Circulation. 129 (23): 2440–2492. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000029. ISSN 0009-7322.