Anemia of prematurity natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Asra Firdous, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Common complications of anemia of prematurity include poor growth, apnea, and cardiovascular instability. The prognosis of anemia of prematurity is good with treatment

Natural History

• In preterm infants, anemia gets worsened due to other illness related to prematurity and blood loss during phlebotomy
• Premature infants develop abnormal clinical signs and symptoms depending on the hemoglobin levels
• Some infants can be asymptomatic or develop mild symptoms that require little or no therapy
• Others develop severe signs and symptoms that require treatment with blood transfusion and erythropoietin
• If left untreated, anemia of prematurity leads to cardiovascular instability

Complications

Complications that can develop as a result of anemia of prematurity are

• Poor growth
• Apnea
• Cardiovascular instability

Complications that can develop as a result of the treatment of anemia of prematurity are

• Infections
• Allergic reactions
• Iron overload
• Fluid overload
• Elctrolyte imbalance
• Calcium disturbance
• Immune mediated adverse reactions like acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, immunosuppression, graft versus host disease, and transfusion related acute lung injury
• Transfusion of toxic substances present in the blood like lead, mercury, and plasticizers

Prognosis

The prognosis of anemia of prematurity is good with treatment. Without treatment, anemia of prematurity will result in poor growth, apnea, and cardiovascular instability