Red eye in children
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rana aljebzi, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Urinary tract infection in kids, UTI in kids, UTI in pediatrics, pedicatrics urinary tract infection
| Urinary tract infection resident survival guide (pediatrics) Microchapters |
|---|
| Overview |
| Causes |
| FIRE |
| Diagnosis |
| Treatment |
| Do's |
| Don'ts |
Overview
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in kids. it occurs when bacteria (germs) get into the bladder(lower tract infection) or kidneys(upper tract).abdominal pain and loin tenderness, with systemic features fever, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy and malaise is the signs of upper tract infection while lower abdominal or suprapubic pain, dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency is lower tract infections signs.in younger children the typical signs are not clear and it is difficult to differentiation between upper and lower tract infection, Up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys will get a UTI by age 5 Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are very important to reduce the morbidity associated with this condition,usually With the right treatment, your child should start to feel better in just a few days.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Urinary tract infections has two basic types,bladder infection and kidney infection. if the infection is in the bladder it is called cystitis and it causes pain and swelling in bladder, while if the infection traveled up to the kidneys in this condition ,it is called pyelonephritis and it is serious and it might harm the kidneys.
Common Causes
infection
- E.coli ,is the most common cause of UTI in children of all age.[1]
- Klebsiella, is the second common cause.
- Proteus
- Enterobacter and Enterococcus
- Citrobacter
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Candida albicans.
Mechanical
- vesicoureteral reflux , is the most common predisposing factor in recurrent UTI.
- urinary obstruction.
FIRE: Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation
UTI should be considered in any infant or child presenting with fever without an identifiable source of infection.because it can be associated with acute mortality (i.e. urosepsis) and/or chronic medical problems like renal scarring[2], hypertension, and chronic renal insufficiency,that is why urinalysis and urine culture should be done.The AAP (American Academy od pediatrics) recommendations for imaging after an initial febrile UTI were extensive and included renal and bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) or radionuclide cystography in all children younger than two years of age [3]
Complete Diagnostic Approach
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of UTI in children according the the AAP [American Academy of pediatrics] guidelines.
| Child with fever or symptoms of UTI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stable | Unstable/Sepsis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Urine analysis/culture before ABs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First time UTI | Recurrent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of UTI in children according to the AAP [American Academy of pediatrics] guidelines.
- The goals of treatment are:
- Elimination of the acute infection
- Prevent the complication
- Reduce the renal damage
Table1
Some Empiric Antimicrobial Agents for Oral Treatment of UTI.[3]
| Antimicrobial Agent | Dosage |
|---|---|
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 20–40 mg/kg per d in 3 doses |
| Sulfonamide | |
| *Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 6–12 mg/kg trimethoprim and 30-60 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole per d in 2 doses |
| *Sulfisoxazole | 120–150 mg/kg per d in 4 doses |
| Cephalosporin | |
| *Cefixime | 8 mg/kg per d in 1 dose |
| *Cefpodoxime | 10 mg/kg per d in 2 doses |
| * Cefprozil | 30 mg/kg per d in 2 doses |
| * Cefuroxime axetil | 20–30 mg/kg per d in 2 doses |
| *Cephalexin | 50–100 mg/kg per d in 4 doses |
Table2
Some Empiric Antimicrobial Agents for Parenteral Treatment of UTI [3]
| Antimicrobial Agent | Dosage |
|---|---|
| Ceftriaxone | 75 mg/kg, every 24 h |
| Cefotaxime | 150 mg/kg per d, divided every 6–8 h |
| Ceftazidime | 100–150 mg/kg per d, divided every 8 h |
| Gentamicin | 7.5 mg/kg per d, divided every 8 h |
| Tobramycin | 5 mg/kg per d, divided every 8 h |
| Piperacillin | 300 mg/kg per d, divided every 6–8 h |
Do's
- Immediate empirical antimirobial.[4]
- Diagnostic ultrasonography for kidney and bladder to detect anatomical abnormalities.
- voiding cystourethrogram VCUG ,indicated if US(ultrasonography) shows Hydronephrosis ,scarring,high grade Vesicoureteral Reflux.
Don'ts
- Delay treatment while waiting results of microscopy or culture,that would be harmful.[4]
- Routine diagnostic imaging in all children with first infection.
- Giving prophylaxis antimicrobial to prevent febrile recurrent UTI.
- surgical correction of minor functional abnormalities,moderate VUR.
References
- ↑ Spahiu L, Hasbahta V (2010). "Most frequent causes of urinary tract infections in children". Med Arh. 64 (2): 88–90. PMID 20514772.
- ↑ Becknell B, Schober M, Korbel L, Spencer JD (2015). "The diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of acute and recurrent pediatric urinary tract infections". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 13 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.986097. PMC 4652790. PMID 25421102.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Roberts KB (2011). "Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months". Pediatrics. 128 (3): 595–610. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1330. PMID 21873693.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Larcombe J (1999). "Urinary tract infection in children". BMJ. 319 (7218): 1173–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7218.1173. PMC 1116958. PMID 10541510.