Adie syndrome
WikiDoc Resources for Adie syndrome |
Articles |
---|
Most recent articles on Adie syndrome Most cited articles on Adie syndrome |
Media |
Powerpoint slides on Adie syndrome |
Evidence Based Medicine |
Clinical Trials |
Ongoing Trials on Adie syndrome at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Adie syndrome Clinical Trials on Adie syndrome at Google
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt |
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Adie syndrome NICE Guidance on Adie syndrome
|
Books |
News |
Commentary |
Definitions |
Patient Resources / Community |
Patient resources on Adie syndrome Discussion groups on Adie syndrome Patient Handouts on Adie syndrome Directions to Hospitals Treating Adie syndrome Risk calculators and risk factors for Adie syndrome
|
Healthcare Provider Resources |
Causes & Risk Factors for Adie syndrome |
Continuing Medical Education (CME) |
International |
|
Business |
Experimental / Informatics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Muneeb, MBBS[2] Synonyms and keywords: Holmes-Adie Syndrome; Syndrome, Holmes-Adie; Syndrome, Adie's; Syndrome, Adie; Poorly Reacting Pupil; Holmes Adie Syndrome; Pupil, Poorly Reacting; Adie's Syndrome; Poorly Reacting Pupils; Pupils, Poorly Reacting
Overview
Historical Perspective
- [[Adie] syndrome]] was first discovered by William John Adie, a British neurologist, and Sir Gordon Morgan Holmes, an Irish neurologist in 1931. This syndrome was named after these 2 neurologists. [1]
- In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Classification
- [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
- [group1]
- [group2]
- [group3]
- Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
- The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
- On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Causes
Most commonly the cause of Adie syndrome is unknown(idiopathic). Less common causes of adie syndrome include infections like HIV[2], syphilis[3], varicella, lyme's disease[4], Human parvovirus-B19, autoimmune diseases like amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, guillain-barre syndrome, sjogren syndrome, polyarterities nodosa[5], vogt-koyanagi-haraga disease[6], ischemia caused by giant cell arteritis[7], migraine[8], lymphatoid granulomatosis, neuromuscular diseases like Lambert eaten syndrome[9], tumors affecting the orbit or choroid[10], orbital surgery[11], cardiovascular diseases[12], general anesthesia[13]. ,anti-hu antibody[14].
Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases
- [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
- [Differential dx1]
- [Differential dx2]
- [Differential dx3]
Epidemiology and Demographics
- The prevalence of adie syndrome is approximately 2 per 1000 individuals. [15]
- The annual incidence of adie syndrome is estimated to be [4.7] cases per 100,000 individuals. [15]
Age
- Adie syndrome is more commonly observed among patients aged 25 to 45 years old. [15]
Gender
- Females are more commonly affected with Adie pupil than males. [15]
Race
- There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
- Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
- If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
- Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
- Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
- The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
- [criterion 1]
- [criterion 2]
- [criterion 3]
- [criterion 4]
History and Symptoms
- [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
- Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
- [symptom 1]
- [symptom 2]
- [symptom 3]
- [symptom 4]
- [symptom 5]
- [symptom 6]
Physical Examination
- Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
- Physical examination may be remarkable for:
- [finding 1]
- [finding 2]
- [finding 3]
- [finding 4]
- [finding 5]
- [finding 6]
Laboratory Findings
- There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
- A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
- An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
- Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
- The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
- [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
- Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
Surgery
- Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
- [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
- [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
Prevention
- There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
- Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
References
- ↑ Thompson HS (1977). "Adie's syndrome: some new observations". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 75: 587–626. PMC 1311565. PMID 613531.
- ↑ Cerny R, Rozsypal H, Kozner P, Machala L (October 2010). "Bilateral Holmes-Adie syndrome as an early manifestation of the HIV neuropathy". Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 31 (5): 661–3. doi:10.1007/s10072-010-0355-9. PMID 20567990.
- ↑ Sakai T, Shikishima K, Mizobuchi T, Yoshida M, Kitahara K (2003). "Bilateral tonic pupils associated with neurosyphilis". Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 47 (4): 368–71. doi:10.1016/s0021-5155(03)00058-3. PMID 12842205.
- ↑ Stricker RB, Winger EE (March 2001). "Holmes-Adie syndrome and Lyme disease". Lancet (London, England). 357 (9258): 805. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71234-4. PMID 11254002.
- ↑ Bennett JL, Pelak VA, Mourelatos Z, Bird S, Galetta SL (1999). "Acute sensorimotor polyneuropathy with tonic pupils and an abduction deficit: an unusual presentation of polyarteritis nodosa". Survey of Ophthalmology. 43 (4): 341–4. doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00047-2. PMID 10025516.
- ↑ Garza Leon M, Herrera-Jimenez IP, González-Madrigal PM (August 2014). "Complete Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and Holmes-Adie syndrome: case report". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 22 (4): 336–40. doi:10.3109/09273948.2013.848906. PMID 24215593.
- ↑ Foroozan R, Buono LM, Savino PJ, Sergott RC (April 2003). "Tonic pupils from giant cell arteritis". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 87 (4): 510–2. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.4.510. PMC 1771609. PMID 12642330.
- ↑ Purvin VA (March 1995). "Adie's tonic pupil secondary to migraine". Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 15 (1): 43–4. PMID 7780572.
- ↑ Wirtz PW, de Keizer RJ, de Visser M, Wintzen AR, Verschuuren JJ (March 2001). "Tonic pupils in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome". Muscle & Nerve. 24 (3): 444–5. doi:10.1002/1097-4598(200103)24:3<444::aid-mus1021>3.0.co;2-w. PMID 11353435.
- ↑ Goldstein SM, Liu GT, Edmond JC, Katowitz JA, Rorke LB (February 2002). "Orbital neural-glial hamartoma associated with a congenital tonic pupil". Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 6 (1): 54–5. doi:10.1067/mpa.2002.120171. PMID 11907481.
- ↑ Stromberg BV, Knibbe M (November 1988). "Anisocoria following reduction of bilateral orbital floor fractures". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 21 (5): 486–8. doi:10.1097/00000637-198811000-00016. PMID 3232939.
- ↑ Guaraldi P, Mathias CJ (September 2011). "Progression of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in Holmes-Adie syndrome". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 82 (9): 1046–9. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.195917. PMID 20562402.
- ↑ Kobayashi M, Takenami T, Kimotsuki H, Mukuno K, Hoka S (February 2008). "Adie syndrome associated with general anesthesia". Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 55 (2): 130–1. doi:10.1007/BF03016329. PMID 18245077.
- ↑ Zhang L, Luo S, Jin H, Lv X, Chen J (2019). "Anti-Hu Antibody-Associated Adie's Pupil and Paraneoplastic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy Caused by Primary Mediastinal Small Cell Carcinoma". Frontiers in Neurology. 10: 1236. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01236. PMC 6901962 Check
|pmc=
value (help). PMID 31849812. - ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Sarao MS, Elnahry AG, Sharma S. "Adie Syndrome (Tonic Pupil Syndrome) Article - StatPearls".