Urticaria causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

Causes

Common Causes

Common causes of urticaria may include:

• Idiopathic
  • Unknown etiology
• Immunological:
  • Autoimmune: IgG autoantibodies to IgE Receptor or IgE on mast cells is the responsible mechanism.
  • IgE/contact urticaria:
    • Contact with allergen cross-links specific IgE (SIgE) on mast cells.
    • Could be due to food protein antigens (such a mould or storage mite), insect venoms, animal danders and/or saliva, penicillin, protease enzymes in biological detergents and latex proteins.
    • In patients with urticaria due to Latex allergy, there is a higher chance of a wide variety of food allergy due to cross-reactivity between the latex protein antigens and food antigens. The following algorithm is a summary of foods capable of cross-reactivity with latex proteins:

The items: ❑ High frequency of cross-reactivity, such as avocado, banana, chestnut ❑ Moderate frequency of cross-reactivity such as apple, carrot, celery,kiwi, melon, papaya, potato, tomato ❑ Low frequency of cross-reactivity, such as apricot, cherry, fig, grape, hazelnut, mango, nectarine, passion fruit, peach, peanut, pear, plum, pineapple, soybean, strawberry, walnut.

• • Immune complex:
    • Mostly due to infections.
    • Urticarial vasculitis
• Non-immunological:
  • Physical urticaria: Physical factors trigger histamine release from mast cells
  • Drug treatment:
    • Sensitivity to Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-inhibitors
    • Direct mast cell histamine release
  • Dietary pseudo-allergens: Sensitivity to natural salicylates, colourings (both azo dyes and non-azo dyes), preservatives (such as sulphites, nitrates and nitrites), anti-oxidants (such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)) and aspartame (an artificial sweetener).
  • Medical conditions:
    • Urticaria pigmentosa: Increased mast cell load
    • Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS): Due to a mutation in CIAS1 gene.