Halitosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Synonyms and keywords: oral malodor; breath odor; foul breath; fetor oris; fetor ex ore; bad breath

Classification

• Halitosis can be classified into physiologic, pathologic, or subjective.
• Physiologic halitosis occurs due to decreased saliva production. It occurs in the morning when the mouth is dry, and there is an overgrowth of oral bacteria [2]. Tobacco smoking and certain food items like garlic and onion also cause bad breath due to aromatic compounds. Physiological halitosis improves significantly by flossing, tooth brushing, rinsing with mouthwash, and drinking water.
• Pathological halitosis occurs due to an underlying disease. The common causes include postnasal drip, sinusitis, gingivitis, and caries [2]. The tonsillar inflammation and peri-tonsillar abscesses can also result in bad breath.