Fatigue in children
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Synonyms and keywords: Fatigue in kids
Overview
Historical Perspective
- [Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
- In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
- In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Classification
- [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
- [group1]
- [group2]
- [group3]
- Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
- The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
- On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Causes
Fatigue may be caused by
- Anemia
- Congestive heart failure[1]
- Cancer[2] Reduced
- Cardiac septal defect
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Cushing's syndrome[1]
- Inflammatory bowel disease[3]
- Multiple sclerosis[4]
- Reduced physical fitness
- Anxiety [5]
- Fibromyalgia
- Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
- Intussusception
- Depression[5]
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Cystic fibrosis
- Strained family relations
Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases
For further information about the differential diagnosis, click here.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The prevalence of fatigue in children is approximately 59,000 to 386,000 per 100,000 individuals in terminal cancer.
Age
- The prevalence of fatigue increases with age. The fatigue commonly affects children during childhood, school, and adolescent years[6].
- The peak age of prevalence is 15 years. The prevalence than decreases exponentially in boys while it remains high in girls till 18 years of age[6]..
Gender
Girls are more commonly affected by fatigue than boys. The female to male ratio is approximately 1.3 to 1.[7]
Race
There is no racial predilection for fatigue in children.
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
- Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
- If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
- Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
- Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
- The diagnosis of fatigue is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
- [criterion 1]
- [criterion 2]
- [criterion 3]
- [criterion 4]
Symptoms
- [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
- Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
- [symptom 1]
- [symptom 2]
- [symptom 3]
- [symptom 4]
- [symptom 5]
- [symptom 6]
Physical Examination
- Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
- Physical examination may be remarkable for:
- [finding 1]
- [finding 2]
- [finding 3]
- [finding 4]
- [finding 5]
- [finding 6]
Laboratory Findings
- There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
- A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
- An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
- Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
- [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
- Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
- The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
- [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
- Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
Surgery
- Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
- [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
- [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
Prevention
- There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
- Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nutini M, Karczewski M, Capoor J (2009). "Fatigue in children with neurologic impairments". Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 20 (2): 339–46. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2008.12.004. PMID 19389615.
- ↑ Wolfe J, Grier HE, Klar N, Levin SB, Ellenbogen JM, Salem-Schatz S; et al. (2000). "Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer". N Engl J Med. 342 (5): 326–33. doi:10.1056/NEJM200002033420506. PMID 10655532.
- ↑ van Langenberg DR, Gibson PR (2010). "Systematic review: fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 32 (2): 131–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04347.x. PMID 20456309.
- ↑ Amato MP, Goretti B, Ghezzi A, Lori S, Zipoli V, Portaccio E; et al. (2008). "Cognitive and psychosocial features of childhood and juvenile MS". Neurology. 70 (20): 1891–7. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000312276.23177.fa. PMID 18474844.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Van de Vijver E, Van Gils A, Beckers L, Van Driessche Y, Moes ND, van Rheenen PF (2019). "Fatigue in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease". World J Gastroenterol. 25 (5): 632–643. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i5.632. PMC 6371006. PMID 30774277.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Haines LC, Saidi G, Cooke RW (2005). "Prevalence of severe fatigue in primary care". Arch Dis Child. 90 (4): 367–8. doi:10.1136/adc.2003.039917. PMC 1720362. PMID 15781924.
- ↑ ter Wolbeek M, van Doornen LJ, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ (2006). "Severe fatigue in adolescents: a common phenomenon?". Pediatrics. 117 (6): e1078–86. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2575. PMID 16740810.