Adnexal mass
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sarah Elsayed, MD., MPH.[2]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
Historical Perspective
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Classification
Adnexal masses are divided into two types based on their origin: gynecological origin and non-gynecological origin. Each group is further subdivided into benign and malignant. [1]
| Gynecological Origin | Benign Ovarian:
- Corpus luteum cyst - Follicular cyst - Luteuma of pregnancy - Mature teratoma - Ovarian torsion - Polycystic ovaries - Mucinous and serous cystadenoma - Theca leutin cyst |
|---|---|
| Malignant Ovarian:
- Borderline tumors - Epithelial carcinoma - Ovarian germ cell tumor - Ovarian Sarcoma - Stromal tumor | |
| Benign Nonovarian:
- Ectopic pregnancy - Endometrioma - Hydrosalpinx - Leiomyoma - Tubo-ovarian abscess | |
| Malignant Nonovarian:
- Endometrial carcinoma - Fallopian tube carcinoma | |
| Non-Gynecological Origin | Benign:
- Appendiceal abscess - Appendicitis - Bladder diverticulum - Diverticular abscess - Nerve sheath tumor - Pelvic kidney - Peritoneal cyst - Ureteral diverticulum |
| Malignant:
- Gastrointestinal carcinoma - Krukenberg tumor - Metastasis - Retroperitoneal sarcoma |
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of adnexal mass depends on the histological subtype and varies according to age and location.
- Endometrioma is an ectopic endometrial tissue that bleeds in a single or both ovaries leading to the development of hemorrhagic/ chocolate cyst[2].
- Ovarian tumors most commonly have an epithelial origin, leading to high-grade serous carcinoma in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or the peritoneum[3]. The second common origin is primordial germ cells developing teratoma ( dermoid cyst), which is the most common benign germ cell tumor in the ovaries, dysgerminomas, mixed germ cell tumors and yolk sac tumors which are malignant[4].
Causes
Adnexal mass is most commonly caused by ovaries and fallopian tubes masses, with etiologies that differ depending on the patient's age and reproductive status. Endometrioma is the most common benign cause of adnexal mass. While, epithelial carcinoma in the ovaries is the most common malignant cause. [5]
Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Epidemiology and Demographics
At the age of 35, the prevalence of adnexal mass in the United States of America is approximately 153 per 100,000 women. However, Women of all ages can develop adnexal mass with no racial preference [6].
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
Screening
According to the American College of Physicians and the United States Preventive Services Taskforce, screening for ovarian cancer with a bimanual pelvic examination is not recommended in asymptomatic and non-pregnant women [7].
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
History and Symptoms
The adnexal mass has a broad spectrum of diseases that necessitate a medical history, a thorough physical examination to guide the workup, and appropriate treatment. Ovarian cancer is the most serious cause of the adnexal mass. The etiologies can be guided by age, parity, contraception methods, use of ovulation induction medication, and family history of breast or gynecological tumors particularly of associated with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations.[7]
The most common symptoms of adnexal masses are irregular vaginal bleeding, abdominal/pelvic pain, dyspareunia, bloating, and abdominal distension. Urinary symptoms, severe presentation and short duration suggest the risk of malignancy. [7]Women who complain of abdominal or pelvic pain, distension or bloating, or early satiety more than 12 times per month for less than a year should be assessed for ovarian cancer.[8] Ectopic pregnancy typically manifests as lower abdominal pain during pregnancy, and while it is benign, it is life threatening[7]
Physical Examination
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Laboratory Findings
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
OR
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
OR
Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
OR
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with an adnexal mass.
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, an MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with an adnexal mass.
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
OR
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
OR
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
OR
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
OR The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
OR
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
OR
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
OR
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
OR
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of adnexal mass.
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
References
- ↑ Givens V, Mitchell GE, Harraway-Smith C, Reddy A, Maness DL (2009). "Diagnosis and management of adnexal masses". Am Fam Physician. 80 (8): 815–20. PMID 19835343 PMID: 19835343 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Brosens IA, Puttemans PJ, Deprest J (1994). "The endoscopic localization of endometrial implants in the ovarian chocolate cyst". Fertil Steril. 61 (6): 1034–8. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56752-1. PMID 8194613.
- ↑ Heintz AP, Odicino F, Maisonneuve P, Beller U, Benedet JL, Creasman WT; et al. (2001). "Carcinoma of the ovary". J Epidemiol Biostat. 6 (1): 107–38. PMID 11385772.
- ↑ Tewari K, Cappuccini F, Disaia PJ, Berman ML, Manetta A, Kohler MF (2000). "Malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (1): 128–33. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00470-6. PMID 10636515.
- ↑ Timmerman D, Van Calster B, Testa A, Savelli L, Fischerova D, Froyman W; et al. (2016). "Predicting the risk of malignancy in adnexal masses based on the Simple Rules from the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis group". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 214 (4): 424–437. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.007. PMID 26800772. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2016 Oct;21(5):197
- ↑ Hermans AJ, Kluivers KB, Janssen LM, Siebers AG, Wijnen MHWA, Bulten J; et al. (2016). "Adnexal masses in children, adolescents and women of reproductive age in the Netherlands: A nationwide population-based cohort study". Gynecol Oncol. 143 (1): 93–97. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.07.096. PMID 27421754.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Biggs WS, Marks ST (2016). "Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Masses". Am Fam Physician. 93 (8): 676–81. PMID 27175840.
- ↑ Goff BA, Mandel LS, Drescher CW, Urban N, Gough S, Schurman KM; et al. (2007). "Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index: possibilities for earlier detection". Cancer. 109 (2): 221–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.22371. PMID 17154394.