Second degree AV block natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]
Overview
Second-degree AV nodal block commonly is seen in acute clinical settings including acute inferior wall myocardial infarction, digitalis intoxication, myocarditis, rheumatic fever), after cardiac surgery. Chronic AV nodal block is seen in the setting of ischemic heart disease, mesothelioma of the AV node, atrial septal defect, aortic valvular disease, amyloidosis, Reiter's syndrome, mitral valve prolapse, in healthy populations, and in trained athletes. Mobitz II second degree Av block due to block inferior to the AV node (infra-Hisian structures) may progresses to complete heart block.Common complications associated with mobitz type 2 second degree AV block include progression to Complete heart block, syncope, dizziness, chest pain, and death. Prognosis is generally good in patients with chronic second-degree AV nodal block without organic heart disease.However, in patients with heart disease prognosis is poor and dependent on the severity of underlying heart disease.
Natural History
- Second-degree AV nodal block commonly is seen in acute clinical settings including acute inferior wall myocardial infarction, digitalis intoxication, myocarditis, rheumatic fever, or after cardiac surgery.
- Chronic AV nodal block is seen in the setting of ischemic heart disease, mesothelioma of the AV node, atrial septal defect, aortic valvular disease, amyloidosis, Reiter's syndrome, mitral valve prolapse, in healthy populations , and in trained athletes.[1].
- Mobitz II second degree Av block due to block inferior to the AV node (infra-Hisian structures) may progresses to complete heart block.[2].
Complications
- Common complications associated with second degree AV block include:
- Common complications associated with pacemaker implantation can involve:
- Pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Death[5].
- After implantation, patients require generator changes, which carry a particularly high risk of infection and resultant endocarditis.[6].
- Finally, independent of these procedural complications, successful pacemaker therapy has been associated with a worse prognosis.[7][8].
- A better understanding of the conditions associated with severe AV conduction disease would enable the development of prevention strategies, ideally avoiding the pacemaker-associated complications and increased use of health care resources[9].
Prognosis
Prognosis is generally good in patients with chronic second-degree AV nodal block without organic heart disease. However, in patients with organic heart disease prognosis is poor and dependent on the severity of underlying heart disease.[10]
References
- ↑ Strasberg B, Amat-Y-Leon F, Dhingra RC, Palileo E, Swiryn S, Bauernfeind R, Wyndham C, Rosen KM (May 1981). "Natural history of chronic second-degree atrioventricular nodal block". Circulation. 63 (5): 1043–9. doi:10.1161/01.cir.63.5.1043. PMID 7471363.
- ↑ Rodstein M, Wolloch L, Iuster Z (1979). "The natural history intraventricular conduction disturbances in the aged: an analysis of the developing second and third degree heart block with clinical pathological correlations". Am. J. Med. Sci. 277 (2): 179–88. doi:10.1097/00000441-197903000-00006. PMID 463945.
- ↑ Bexton RS, Camm AJ (March 1984). "Second degree atrioventricular block". Eur. Heart J. 5 Suppl A: 111–4. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/5.suppl_a.111. PMID 6373268.
- ↑ Mangi MA, Jones WM, Napier L. PMID 29493981. Missing or empty
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(help) - ↑ Pfeiffer D, Jung W, Fehske W, Korte T, Manz M, Moosdorf R, Lüderitz B (April 1994). "Complications of pacemaker-defibrillator devices: diagnosis and management". Am. Heart J. 127 (4 Pt 2): 1073–80. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(94)90090-6. PMID 8160583.
- ↑ Bloom H, Heeke B, Leon A, Mera F, Delurgio D, Beshai J, Langberg J (February 2006). "Renal insufficiency and the risk of infection from pacemaker or defibrillator surgery". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 29 (2): 142–5. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00307.x. PMID 16492298.
- ↑ Gang UJ, Hvelplund A, Pedersen S, Iversen A, Jøns C, Abildstrøm SZ, Haarbo J, Jensen JS, Thomsen PE (November 2012). "High-degree atrioventricular block complicating ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention". Europace. 14 (11): 1639–45. doi:10.1093/europace/eus161. PMID 22645234.
- ↑ Simon AB, Zloto AE (March 1978). "Atrioventricular block: natural history after permanent ventricular pacing". Am. J. Cardiol. 41 (3): 500–7. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(78)90006-1. PMID 626128.
- ↑ Bradshaw PJ, Stobie P, Knuiman MW, Briffa TG, Hobbs MS (2015). "Life expectancy after implantation of a first cardiac permanent pacemaker (1995-2008): A population-based study". Int. J. Cardiol. 190: 42–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.099. PMID 25912118.
- ↑ Strasberg, B; Amat-Y-Leon, F; Dhingra, R C; Palileo, E; Swiryn, S; Bauernfeind, R; Wyndham, C; Rosen, K M (1981). "Natural history of chronic second-degree atrioventricular nodal block". Circulation. 63 (5): 1043–1049. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.63.5.1043. ISSN 0009-7322.