Sandbox sumit

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[2]

Pneumonia

Viral causes

• SARS-COV
• SARS-COV2
• RSV
• Influenza virus

Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria. The most common bacteria is ===

Overview

• First Sentence:

In 1899, the incidence of pneumonia was estimated to be 1500 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

Epidemiology of Pneumonia

Prevalence

• Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given at-risk population at a specific time.

Note: For diseases specific to one gender, such as prostate cancer, only male patients are considered in the equation since only male patients are the at-risk population.

• When using numbers with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report a prevalence as 10.1 instead of 10.09322. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy.
• You can use one or more of these template sentences.
  • Worldwide, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
  • Worldwide, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
  • In developed countries, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
  • In developed countries, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
  • In developing countries/ Africa, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
  • In developing countries/ Africa, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
  • In ____ (insert year), the prevalence of _______ (insert disease name) was estimated to be _______ (insert number) cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

Incidence

• Worldwide, the incidence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of 250 per 100,000 persons to a high of 750 per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of 500 per 100,000 persons.
• Worldwide, the incidence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.

Case Fatality Rate

• The case fatality rate is defined the number of deaths (fatality) among patients with the disease (case). Case fatality rate should be distinguished from "Mortality Rate" (defined as the number of deaths among the at-risk population).
• The case fatality rate is usually described as a function of time (e.g. In 2015 / annually etc...).
• When using numbers with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report the case fatality rate as 10.1% instead of 10.09322%. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy.
• You can pick the template sentence below for this section:
  • In ____ (year), the case fatality rate of ____ (disease name) is ____ (case fatality rate in %).
  • The annual case fatality rate of ____ (disease name) is approximately ____ (case fatality rate in %).

Age

• This section can describe the impact of the disease depending on the persons age, and the age-specific prevalence and incidence.
• The prevalence of ____ (insert disease state here) increases/decreases with age.
• _____ (insert acute disease) commonly affects _____ (insert age group).
• _____ (insert chronic disease) is usually first diagnosed among _____ (insert age group).

Gender

This section describe how prevalence of the disease varies by gender. When describing male to female ratios with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report a ratio as as 1.5 to 1 instead of 1.48294 to 1. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy. You can use either of the following template sentences:

• ______ (insert gender 1) are more commonly affected with ______ (insert disease name) than _____ (insert gender 2). The _____ (insert gender ratio e.g. male to female) ratio is approximately _____ (insert number > 1) to 1.
• The prevalence and incidence of (insert disease state here) does not vary by gender.
• Men and women are affected equally by (insert disease name here).
• (Insert disease state here) is more prevalent in men women.
• The prevalence of (insert disease state here) among men is ____ per 100,000, while it is _____ per 100,000 among women.
• The incidence of (insert disease state here) among men is ____ per 100,000, while it is _____ per 100,000 among women.

Race

This section describes how the disease differs based upon race. You can use the following template sentence for this section:

• The prevalence of _____ (insert disease) does not vary by race.
• (Insert disease state here) is more prevalent in the ____ (insert race) race and ____ (insert other race) races.
• There is no racial predilection for ____ (insert disease name)
• _____ (insert disease) usually affects individuals of the _____ (insert race) race. _____ (insert other race) individuals are less likely to develop ______ (disease name).

Developed Countries

• In this section you should describe the impact of the disease in developed countries.
• Incidence, prevalence, and geographical distribution or areas of interest can be mentioned, as well as the relevant impact the disease has on society.

Developing Countries

• In this section you should describe the impact of the disease in developing countries.
• Incidence, prevalence, and geographical distribution or areas of interest can be mentioned, as well as the relevant impact the disease has on society.