Bacterial pneumonia causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz
Overview
Bacterial pneumonia may be due to a variety of underlying causes. The microorganisms responsible are divided into Typical and Atypical. Typical bacteria often result in a classic pneumonia whereas atypical bacteria lead to a much milder presentation often referred to as "walking pneumonia". These patients appear near normal but have extensive findings on chest x-ray.
Causes
According to Microorganisms
| Typical Pneumonia | Atypical Pneumonia |
|---|---|
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Legionella |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Chlamydia psittaci |
| Group A streptococci | Chlamydia Trachomatis |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | |
| Anaerobes and aerobic gram-negative bacteria |
According to Demographics
| Age Group | Most common organism |
|---|---|
| Neonates (<4 weeks old) [2][3] | Group B streptococci, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes |
| Toddlers (2 - 4 years) [3] | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis |
| Children (4 weeks - 18 years) [3] | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae |
| Adults (18 - 65 years) [4] | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| Elderly (>65 years) [5] | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella, Gram Negative Rods (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) |
According to Specific Groups
| Group Description | Most common organism |
|---|---|
| Alcoholics [6][7] | Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Oral anaerobes, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter |
| Aspiration [6][7] | Oral anaerobes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-Negative Rods (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter species) |
| Cystic fibrosis [6][7] | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Burkholderia Cepacia, Staphylococcus Aureus |
| Immunocompromised [6][7] | Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae |
| Intravenous drug users [6][7] | Staphylococcus Aureus, Oral anaerobes, Streptococcus Pneumoniae |
| Nosocomial (hospital acquired) [8] | Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-Negative Rods (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter species), Acinetobacter species |
| Postviral [9] | Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Less likely to be Haemophilus influenzae |
References
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30020693.
- ↑ Webber S, Wilkinson AR, Lindsell D, Hope PL, Dobson SR, Isaacs D (1990). "Neonatal pneumonia". Arch Dis Child. 65 (2): 207–11. doi:10.1136/adc.65.2.207. PMC 1792235. PMID 2107797.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nguyen TK, Tran TH, Roberts CL, Graham SM, Marais BJ (2017). "Child pneumonia - focus on the Western Pacific Region". Paediatr Respir Rev. 21: 102–110. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.07.004. PMC 7106312 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 27569107. - ↑ Eshwara VK, Mukhopadhyay C, Rello J (2020). "Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update". Indian J Med Res. 151 (4): 287–302. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1678_19. PMC 7371062 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32461392 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Henig O, Kaye KS (2017). "Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 31 (4): 689–713. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2017.07.015. PMC 7127502 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 28916385. - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 {{https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pneumonia_risk_factors}}
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 {{https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/Supplement_2/S27/372079}}
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30571062.
- ↑ Prasso JE, Deng JC (2017). "Postviral Complications: Bacterial Pneumonia". Clin Chest Med. 38 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.006. PMC 5324726. PMID 28159155.