Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)

Jump to navigation Jump to search


Resident
Survival
Guide
File:Critical Pathways.gif

Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Systolic Dysfunction
Diastolic Dysfunction
HFpEF
HFrEF

Causes

Differentiating Congestive heart failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Clinical Assessment

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Cardiac MRI

Echocardiography

Exercise Stress Test

Myocardial Viability Studies

Cardiac Catheterization

Other Imaging Studies

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring

Medical Therapy:

Summary
Acute Pharmacotherapy
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFpEF
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFrEF
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists
Beta Blockers
Ca Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Hydralazine
Positive Inotropics
Anticoagulants
Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Nutritional Supplements
Hormonal Therapies
Drugs to Avoid
Drug Interactions
Treatment of underlying causes
Associated conditions

Exercise Training

Surgical Therapy:

Biventricular Pacing or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
Implantation of Intracardiac Defibrillator
Ultrafiltration
Cardiac Surgery
Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs)
Cardiac Transplantation

ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
Hospitalized Patient
Patients With a Prior MI
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF
Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B)
Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)
Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)
Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
Quality Metrics/Performance Measures

Implementation of Practice Guidelines

Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations

Specific Groups:

Special Populations
Patients who have concomitant disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C) On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)

CDC on Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)

Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C) in the news

Blogs on Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)

Directions to Hospitals Treating Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)

Risk calculators and risk factors for Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahmoud Sakr, M.D. [2],Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [3], Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D. [4]

Overview

Several measures [1] have been listed for patients in Stage A or B as previously mentioned and the Class 1 recommendations for those patients are also appropriate for patients with current or previous symptoms of HF. The effectiveness of diuretics and safety of their usage is an important aspect of the treatment that should be closely monitored along with daily measurement of weight and moderate sodium restriction. Physical activity is highly recommended, although heavy labor or sports shouldn’t be a part of it. A reduction in physical activity promotes physical deconditioning, and an increase of weight which may be associated with more strain on the failing heart.[2] Patients with chronic conditions such as HF are also recommended to be immunized with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in order to reduce the risk of respiratory infection.

Drugs that should be Avoided or Used with Caution in Patients with HF

Pharmacological therapy should be closely monitored and several classes of drugs should be avoided in case of HF:

  • Calcium Channel blockers: There is no direct role of these drugs in the management of HF, due to negative and possible deleterious effect in patients with HF due to systolic dysfunction[3]. Vasoelective Calcium Channel blockers as amlodipine and felodipine have not been linked to adverse effect in HF treatment, but there is no evidence of efficacy for these drugs in the management of HF.[4] However, amlodipine and felodipine appear to be safe for the treatment of concomitant disease in HF patients, such as angina or hypertension.
  • Antiarrhythmic agents: Negative inotropic effect exerted by most antiarrhythmic drugs can precipitate HF in patients with reduced LV function. The reduction in LV function can also reduce the elimination of these drugs leading to further drug toxicity. Other antiarrhythmic drugs can induce some proarrhythmic effect, especially class 1 agents and class 3 agents Ibutilide and sotalol;[5] the same class 3 agents in addition to dofetilide can induce torsades to pointes.

Amiodarone is considered the safest of the antiarrhythmic drugs because of its minimal proarrhythmic effect and is generally the preferred drug for treating arrhythmias in HF patients.

  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID):[6] The administration of non-selective NSAIDs in HF patients is linked with an increased risk of HF exacerbation, increased renal dysfunction, and abnormal responses to ACEIs and diuretics. COX-2 selective inhibitors have not been fully investigated, but observational studies indicate that they may be linked with an increased rate of HF exacerbation and increased mortality.

Aspirin benefits and risks are not well established in patients with HF and Vascular disease (includingCAD). The potential interaction between ACEIs and beta blockers is of great importance. Although no data has proven that aspirin causes more frequent HF exacerbations and interactions with those drugs, health care providers should be aware of the possibility of such risks, but no recommendation for or against aspirin therapy in patients with heart failure can be made before further data are available.

Metformin - one of the most common side effects of metformin is lactic acidosis, which can be fatal in patients with HF.

Thiazolidinediones -[8] the biggest risk of using Thiazolidinediones is fluid retention which may cause severe worsening of patients with HF.

PDE-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, are widely used in the management of erectile dysfunction in men. The use of those agents with any form of nitrate therapy is contraindicated because of severe hypotensive effect that can be life threatening.[13] In a trial where sildenafil and placebo were randomly assigned to 34 HF patients, no significant difference of symptomatic hypotension was observed, but HF patients with borderline low blood pressure and/or low volume status are in risk of severe hypotension and should avoid any PDE-5 inhibitors use.

  • Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha inhibitors TNF-alpha: New onset or worsening of pre-existing heart failure have been linked to TNF-alpha inhibitors.[15] Infliximab has been specifically contraindicated in doses over 5mg/kg in patients with heart failure.

Serum potassium should be closely monitored in HF patients, in order of preventing either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, which could greatly affect cardiac excitability and conduction, leading to sudden cardiac death.[17] Serum potassium should be maintained between 4.0 to 5.0 mEq per liter range, because low potassium level may affect digitalis and antiarrhythmic drugs treatment, while high potassium level can prevent the use of treatments known to prolong life.[17]

Supervision of HF patients with close monitoring of treatment and diet is a very important aspect of the follow-up process in those individuals. Body weight and medications should be closely monitored, because any minor change in those parameters can have a significant effect over symptoms and hospitalization of patients with HF.[18] Patient education is a crucial aspect of the management of HF, patient and family surveillance over any new change of symptoms or body weight is important in allowing early detection of those changes and implementing new treatment strategies to reduce further complications.[19]

Pharmacological Therapy of HF

Improving symptoms, reducing mortality and slowing or reversing myocardial deterioration are the main goals of pharmacological therapy in HF patients. The therapy should be also directed at preventing arrhythmias, embolic events and other exacerbating factors. Different strategies have been implemented in the treatment of HF, but the ACC/AHA recommendations are based on a combination of 3 types of drugs: a Diuretic, an ACEI or an ARB, and a beta blocker[20]. A review of data from several trials, provide clear evidence supporting the central role of these drugs in HF patient Therapy. The Diuretics play an important role in controlling fluid retention and achieving a euvolemic state. On the other hand, ACEI and a beta blocker should be started and maintained in patients who can tolerate them because of their major effect in controlling symptoms and reducing mortality. Digoxin can be added to this regime as a fourth agent to reduce symptoms, reduce recurrent hospitalization, control great and rhythm, and enhance exercise tolerance.

Diuretics

Different classes of diuretics have been implicated in the treatment of CHF. Loop Diuretics such as furosemide, bumetanide and torsemide, act on the inhibition of sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle, whereas thiazide diuretics, metolazone, and potassium sparing diuretics as spironolactone act on the distal portion of the renal tubule. [21]Loop diuretics increase sodium secretion up to 25 % of the filtered load of sodium, enhance free water clearance and maintain their efficacy unless severe renal impairment is present.[22]Thiazide diuretics in contrast, increase the fractional excretion of sodium to a maximum of 10% of the filtered load, decrease free water clearance and lose their efficacy in patients with impaired renal function. For such reasons, loop diuretics are much preferred, unless hypertension with mild fluid retention is present in HF patients, where thiazide diuretics may have a better antihypertensive effect in this case.

Different short-studies demonstrated the efficacy of diuretics in improving various symptoms of HF, reducing jugular venous pressure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight, all within days of initiation of therapy.[23] No long term studies have been conducted so far to reveal the effects of diuretic therapy on morbidity and mortality, but an improvement in cardiac function and exercise tolerance in patients with HF have been demonstrated in intermediate-term trials.[24]

Diuretics produce great symptomatic benefits,[25] much more rapidly than any other drugs for HF, they can adequately control the fluid retention of HF, relieving pulmonary edema and peripheral edema within hours or days. However, Diuretics should not be used alone in controlling Stage C HF. They should be combined with an ACEI and a beta blocker to avoid further clinical deterioration and maintain the HF symptoms under control.[24]

Appropriate dose of diuretics should used in treatment of HF,[26] because low doses will cause fluid retention, which can lead to a reduced response to ACEIs and ARBs and an increase risk of decompensation with the use of beta blockers, while excessive diuretics will lead to volume contraction which can increase the risk of hypotension and renal insufficiency with ACEIs, ARBs and beta blockers.[27]

Loop diuretics are usually the first diuretics to be used to control pulmonary and/or peripheral edema. Furosemide is the most commonly used, but some patients may respond favorably to other agents in this category (as torsemide and Bumetanide) because of superior absorption and longer time of action.[28]

The starting dosage is usually 20 to 40 mg of furosemide or its equivalent, but the exact dosing should always be monitored according to diuresis and other clinical symptoms, since the ultimate goal is to eliminate the evidence of fluid retention such as jugular venous pressure elevation and peripheral edema. Outpatients with HF are usually started with low dose until urine increases and weigh decreases by 0.5 to 1.0 kg daily. Diuretic therapy should be also combined with moderate dietary sodium restriction. Unstable or severe disease, should be controlled with intravenous diuretics( bolus or continuous infusion) and thiazide diuretics can be added for a synergistic effect.[29]

Reducing overall volume may decrease intracardiac filling pressure resulting in a lower cardiac output via the Frank-Starling relationship. This effect is usually a minor effect and does not alter the course of the therapy. On the other hand, an unexplained increase in BUN and creatinine should be closely monitored and suspected as a sign of abnormal tissue perfusion. In this case renal function and other end organ perfusion should be assessed to avoid any concomitant complications.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Patients with moderate to severe HF or asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction show a great improvement in survival rate with the usage of ACE inhibitors.[30] ACE inhibitors enhance the action of kinins and augment kinin-mediated prostaglandin production, so the effect of ACEIs cannot be solely explained by the suppression of Angiotensin II production. Furthermore, it has been proven that ACEIs modify cardiac remodeling more favorably than ARBs in experimental models of HF.[31] Several studies indicates that ACEIs can alleviate symptoms,[32] improve clinical status and sense of well being in patients with HF.

Another important aspect of ACEIs therapy is the reduction of mortality and hospitalization in such patients.[33] These benefits were noticed in patients with mild, moderate or even severe symptoms of HF, with or without CAD. In general ACEIs should be used together with a beta blocker and should not be used without diuretics in patients with a current or recent history of fluid retention, because of the important role of diuretics in maintaining sodium balance and preventing the development of peripheral and pulmonary edema.[24]

For the reasons mentioned above, ACEI therapy should be started in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients with HF. The beginning therapy should be a low dose ( eg, 2.5 mg of enalapril twice a day, 6.25 mg of captopril three time a day or 5 mg of lisinopril once a day). The dose should be gradually increased in one to two week if the initial therapy is tolerated and try to target a dose of 20 mg of enalapril twice a day, or 50 mg of captopril three times a day or up to 40 mg of lisinopril a day.[34] Plasma potassium and renal function should be assessed one to two weeks after starting or changing a dose and periodically thereafter. Physicians should attempt to target certain doses which have been proved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. If these target doses of ACEIs cannot be used or poorly tolerated than intermediate doses should be implemented. [35]

NSAIDs should be avoided since they may cause an increase in adverse effects of ACEIs in patients with HF and a decrease in the favorable effect of ACEIs therapy.[24] Some evidence suggests that aspirin may inhibit the acute hemodynamic benefits of ACEIs.[36] If the patient has a know history of coronary artery disease(CAD) then use of ASA along with ACEIs is recommended. However, but in patients with no history of CAD, there is no evidence to support the use of aspirin.

Treatment of HFrEF Stage C and D

Abbreviations: ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor-blocker, ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, BP: blood pressure, bpm: beats per minute, C/I: contraindication, COR: Class of Recommendation, NT-proBNP: creatinine clearance, NYHA: cardiac resynchronization therapy–device, pts: diagnosis, HF: guideline-directed management and therapy, CrCl: creatinine clearance, CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy–device, Dx: diagnosis, GDMT: guideline-directed management and therapy, HF: heart failure, HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, ISDN/HYD: isosorbide dinitrate hydral-nitrates, K+: potassium, LBBB: left bundle-branch block, LVAD: left ventricular assist device, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, MI: myocardial infarction, NSR: normal sinus rhythm, NYHA: New York Heart Association

†Hydral-Nitrates green box: The combination of ISDN/HYD with ARNI has not been robustly tested. BP response should be carefully monitored.
§Participation in investigational studies is also appropriate for stage C, NYHA class II and III HF.

2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline/ 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure/2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update on New Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline,2013 ACC/AHA Guideline, 2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) [37][38][39]

Nonpharmacological Interventions (DO NOT EDIT)[37][38][39]

Self-Care Support in HF

Class I
"1. Patients with HF should receive care from multidisciplinary teams to facilitate the implementation of GDMT, address potential barriers to self-care, reduce the risk of subsequent rehospitalization for HF, and improve survival.[40][41][42][43] (Level of Evidence: A) "
"2. Patients with HF should receive education and support to facilitate HF self-care in multidisciplinary manner. [41][44][45][46][47][48] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Class IIa
"3. In patients with HF, vaccinating against respiratory illnesses is reasonable to reduce mortality.[49][50][51][52][53][54][55] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"4. In adults with HF, screening for depression, [56][57], social isolation,[58][59][60][61], frailty, [62][63] and low health literacy [64][65] as risk factors for poor self-care is reasonable to improve management. (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "

Dietary Sodium Restriction

Class IIa
"1. For patients with stage C HF, avoiding excessive sodium intake is reasonable to reduce congestive symptoms. [66][67][68][69][70][71] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Management of Stage C HF: Activity, Exercise Prescription, and Cardiac Rehabilitation

Class I
"1. For patients with HF who are able to participate, exercise training (or regular physical activity) is recommended to improve functional status, exercise performance, and QOL. [72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] (Level of Evidence: A ) "
Class IIa
"2. In patients with HF, a cardiac rehabilitation program can be useful to improve functional capacity, exercise tolerance, and health-related QOL. [72][73][76][77][79] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "

Diuretics and Decongestation Strategies in Patients with HF (DO NOT EDIT)[37][38][39]

Class I
"1. In patients with HF who have fluid retention, diuretics are recommended to relieve congestion, improve symptoms, and prevent worsening HF. [23][81][82][83][24] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"2. For patients with HF and congestive symptoms, addition of a thiazide (eg, metolazone) to treatment with a loop diuretic should be reserved for patients who do not respond to moderate or high-dose loop diuretics to minimize electrolyte abnormalities. [84] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "

Pharmacological Treatment for HFrEF (DO NOT EDIT)[37][38][39]

Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition With ACEi or ARB or ARNi

Class I
"1. In patients with HFrEF and NYHA class II to III symptoms, the use of ARNi is recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality. [85][86][87][88][89](Level of Evidence: A) "
"2. In patients with previous or current symptoms of chronic HFrEF, the use of ACEi is beneficial to reduce morbidity and mortality when the use of ARNi is not feasible.[90][91][34][92][93][94][33][95] (Level of Evidence: A) "
"3. In patients with previous or current symptoms of chronic HFrEF who are intolerant to ACEi because of cough or angioedema and when the use of ARNi is not feasible, the use of ARB is recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality. [96][97][98][99][100] (Level of Evidence: A) "
"5. In patients with chronic symptomatic HFrEF NYHA class II or III who tolerate an ACEi or ARB, replacement by an ARNi is recommended to further reduce morbidity and mortality. [85][86][87][88][89](Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Class Value Statement: High Value
"4. In patients with previous or current symptoms of chronic HFrEF, in whom ARNi is not feasible, treatment with an ACEi or ARB provides high economic value. [101][102][103][104][4][105][106](Level of Evidence: A) "
"6. In patients with chronic symptomatic HFrEF, treatment with an ARNi instead of an ACEi provides high economic value. [107][108][109][110] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class III (Harm)
"7. ARNi should not be administered concomitantly with ACEi or within 36 hours of the last dose of an ACEi. [111][112] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"8. ARNi should not be administered to patients with any history of angioedema.[113][114][115][116] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "
"9. ACEi should not be administered to patients with any history of angioedema. [117][118][119][120] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Beta Blockers

Class I
"1. In patients with HFrEF, with current or previous symptoms, use of 1 of the 3 beta blockers proven to reduce mortality (eg, bisoprolol, carvedilol,sustained-release metoprolol succinate) is recommended to reduce mortality and hospitalizations. [121][122][123](Level of Evidence: A) "
Class Value Statement: High Value
"2. In patients with HFrEF, with current or previous symptoms, beta blocker therapy provides high economic values. [101][124][125][126][127] (Level of Evidence: A) "

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs)

Class I
"1. In patients with HFrEF and NYHA class II to IV symptoms, an MRA (spironolactone or epleronone) is recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality, if eGFR is >30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and serum potassium is <5.0 mEq/L. Careful monitoring of potassium, renal function, and diuretic dosing should be performed at initiation and closely monitored thereafter to minimize risk of hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency. [128][129][130] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Value Statement: High Value
"2. In patients with HFrEF and NYHA II to IV symptoms, MRA therapy provides high economic value.[101][131][132][133] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class III (Harm)
"3. In patients taking MRA whose serum potassium cannot be maintained at <5.5 mEq/L, MRA should be discontinued to avoid life-threatening hyperkalemia. [134][135] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "

Sodium-Glucose Contransporter 2 Inhibitors

Class I
"1. In patients with symptomatic chronic HFrEF, SGLT2i are recommended to reduce hospitalization for HF and cardiovascular mortality, irrespective of the presence of type 2 diabetes. [136][137] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Value Statement: Intermediate Value
"2. In patients with symptomatic chronic HFreF, SGLT2i therapy provides intermediate economic value. [138][139] (Level of Evidence: A) "

Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate

Class I
"1. For patients self-identified as African American with NYHA class III-IV HFrEF who are receiving optimal medical therapy, the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate is recommended to improve symptoms and reduce morbidity and mortality. [32][140] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Value Statement: High Value
"2. For patients self-identified as African American with NYHA class III to IV HFrEF who are receiving optimal medical therapy with ACEi or ARB, beta blockers, and MRA, the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate provides high economic value.[141] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class IIb
"3. In patients with current or previous symptomatic HFrEF who cannot be given first-line agents, such as ARNi, ACEi, or ARB, because of drug intolerance or renal insufficiency, a combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate might be considered to reduce morbidity and mortality. [142][143] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Other Drug Treatment

Class IIb
"1. In patients with HF class II to IV symptoms, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation may be reasonable to use as adjunctive therapy to reduce mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations. [144][145][146][147] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"2. In patients with HF who experience hyperkalemia (serum potassium level ≥ 5.5 mEq/L) while taking a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi), the effectiveness of potassium binders (patiromer, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate) to improve outcomes by facilitating continuation of RAASi therapy is uncertain. [148][149] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Class III (No Benefit)
"3. In patients with chronic HFrEF without a specific indication (eg, venous thromboembolism [VTE], AF, a previous thromboembolic event, or a cardioembolic source), anticoagulation is not recommended. [150][151][152] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "

Drugs of Unproven Value or That May Worsen HF

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. In patients with HFrEF, dihydropiridine calcium channel-blocking drugs are not recommended treatment for HF.[153][154] (Level of Evidence: A) "
"2. In patients with HFrEF, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and hormonal therapy are not recommended other than to correct specific deficiencies. [155][156][157][158][159][160][161] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Class III (Harm)
"3. In patients with HFrEF, non-dihydropiridine calcium channel-blocking drugs are not recommended. [162][163][164][165] (Level of Evidence: A) "
"4.In patients with HFrEF, class IC antiarrhythmic medications and dronedarone may increase the risk of mortality. [166][167][168] (Level of Evidence: A) "
"5.In patients with HFrEF, thiazolidinediones increase the risk of worsening HF symptoms and hospitalizations. [169][170][171][172][173](Level of Evidence: A) "
"6.In patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors saxagliptin and alogliptin increase the risk of HF hospitalization and should be avoided in patients with HF. [174][175][176](Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"7.In patients with HFrEF, NSAIDs worsen HF symptoms and should be avoided or withdrawn whenever possible. [177][178][179][180] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "

GDMT Dosing: Sequencing and Uptitration

Class I
"1. In patients with HFrE, titration of guideline-directed medication dosing to achieve target doses showed to be efficacious in RCTs is recommended, to reduce cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalizations, unless not well tolerated. [121][123][91][33][85][128][130][136][137][140] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class IIa
"2. In patients with HFrEF, titration and optimization of guideline-directed medications as frequently as every 1 to 2 weeks depending on the patient's symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory findings can be useful to optimize management. (Level of Evidence: C-EO) "

Additional Medical Therapies

Management of Stage C HF: Ivabadrine
Class IIa
"1. For patients with symptomatic (NYHA class II to III) stable chronic HFrEF (LVEF ≤ 35%) who are receiving GDMT, including a beta blocker at maximum tolerated dose, and who are in sinus rhythm with a heart rate of ≥70 bpm at rest, ivabradine can be beneficial to reduce HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular death. [181][182](Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Pharmacological Treatment for Stage C HFrEF: Digoxin
Class IIb
"1. In patients with symptomatic HFrEF despite GDMT (or who are unable to tolerate GDMT), digoxin might be considered to decrease hospitalizations for HF. [183][184] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "

Device and Interventional Therapies for HFrEF

ICDs and CRTs

Class I
"1. In patients with nonischemic DCM or ischemic heart disease at least 40 days post-MI with LVEF ≤ 35% and NYHA class II or III symptoms or chronic GDMT, who have reasonable expectation of meaningful survival for >1 year, ICD therapy is recommended for primary prevention of SCD to reduce total mortality. [185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193](Level of Evidence: A) "
Value Statement:High Value
"2. A transvenous ICD provides high economic value in the primary prevention of SCD particularly when the patient's risk of death caused by ventricular arrhythmia is deemed high and the risk of non-arrhythmic death (either cardiac or noncardiac) is deemed low based on the patient's burden of comorbidities and functional status. [194][195][196][197][198][199] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class I
"3. In patients at least 40 days post-MI with LVEF ≤ 30% and NYHA class I symptoms while receiving GDMT, who have reasonable expectation of meaningful survival for > 1 year, ICD therapy is recommended for primary preve≤ntion of SCD to reduce total mortality. [200] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"4. For patients who have LVEF ≤ 35%, sinus rhythm, LBBB with a QRS duration ≥150ms, and NYHA class II, III, or ambulatory IV symtpoms on GDMT, CRT is indicated to reduce total mortality, reduce hospitalizations, and improve symptoms and QOL.[201][202][203][204][205][206] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Value Statement:High Value
"5. For patients who have LVEF ≤ 35%, sinus rhythm, LBBB with a QRS duration of ≥ 150ms, and NYHA class II, III, or ambulatory class IV symptoms on GDMT, CRT implementation provides high economic value. [207][208][209][210][211][212] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class IIa
"6.For patients who have LVEF ≤ 35%, sinus rhythm, a non-LBBB pattern with a QRS duration ≥ 150ms, and NYHA class II, III, or ambulatory class IV symptoms on GDMT, CRT can be useful to reduce total mortality, reduce hospitalizations, and improve symptoms and QOL. [201][202][203][204][205][206][213][214][215][216][217][218] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"7. In patients with high-degree or complete heart block and LVEF of 36% to 50%, CRT is reasonable to reduce total mortality, reduce hospitalizations, and improve symptoms and QOL. [219][220] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"8. For patients who have LVEF ≤ 35%, sinus rhythm, LBBB with a QRS duration of 120 to 149 ms, and NYHA class II, III, or ambulatory IV symptoms on GDMT, CRT can be useful to reduce total mortality, reduce hospitalizations, and improve symptoms and QOL. [201][202][203][204][205][206][213][214][215][216][217][218] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"9. In patients with AF and LVEF ≤ 35% on GDMT, CRT can be useful to reduce total mortality, improve symptoms and QOL, and increase LVEF, if: a) the patient requires ventricular pacing or otherwise meets CRT criteria and b) atrioventricular nodal ablation or pharmacological rate control will allow near 100% ventricular pacing with CRT. [201][202][203][204][205][206][213][214][215][216][217][218] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"10. For patients on GDMT who have LVEF ≤ 35% and are undergoing placement of a new or replacement device implantation with anticipated requirement for significant (>40%) ventricular pacing, CRT can be useful to reduce total mortality, reduce hospitalizations, and improve symptoms and QOL. [201][202][203][204][205][206][213][214][215][216][217][218] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"11. In patients with genetic arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with high-risk features of sudden death, with EF ≤ 45%, implantation of ICD is reasonable to decrease sudden death. [221][222](Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class IIb
"12. For patients who have LVEF ≤ 35%, sinus rhythym, a non-LBBB pattern with QRS duration of 120 to 149 ms, and NYHA class III or ambulatory class IV on GDMT, CRT may be considered to reduce total mortality, reduce hospitalizations, and improve symptoms and QOL. [201][202][203][204][205][206][213][214][215][216][217][218] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"13.For patients who have LVEF ≤ 30%, ischemic case of HF, sinus rhythm, LBBB with a QRS duration ≥ 150ms, and NYHA class I symptoms on GDMT, CRT may be considered to reduce hospitalizations and improve symptoms and QOL. [201][202][203][204][205][206][213][214][215][216][217][218] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Class III (No Benefit)
"14. In patients with QRS duration < 120 ms, CRT is not recommended. [221][222][223][224][225][226](Level of Evidence: B-R) "
"15. For patients with NYHA class I or II symptoms and non-LBBB pattern with QRS duration < 150 ms, CRT is not recommended.[201][202][203][204][205][206][213][214][215][216][217]Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag[186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][201][202][203][204][205][206] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Revascularization for CAD

Class I
"1. In selected patients with HF, reduced EF (EF ≤ 35%), and suitable coronary anatomy, surgical revascularization plus GDMT is beneficial to improve symptoms, cardiovascular hospitalizations, and long-term all-cause mortality. [227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "

Valvular Heart Disease

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced EF (HFmrEF) and Improved EF (HFimpHF)

HF With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

HF With Improved Ejection Fraction

Treatment of Patients with HF and preserved ejection fraction HFpEF (DO NOT EDIT) [235]

HF With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Related Chapters

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW (2009). "2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation". Circulation. 119 (14): e391–479. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192065. PMID 19324966. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ McKelvie RS, Teo KK, McCartney N, Humen D, Montague T, Yusuf S (1995). "Effects of exercise training in patients with congestive heart failure: a critical review". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 25 (3): 789–96. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)00428-S. PMID 7860930. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Packer M, Kessler PD, Lee WH (1987). "Calcium-channel blockade in the management of severe chronic congestive heart failure: a bridge too far". Circulation. 75 (6 Pt 2): V56–64. PMID 3552317. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Reed SD, Friedman JY, Velazquez EJ, Gnanasakthy A, Califf RM, Schulman KA (2004). "Multinational economic evaluation of valsartan in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT)". American Heart Journal. 148 (1): 122–8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.040. PMID 15215801. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Torp-Pedersen C, Møller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, Køber L, Sandøe E, Egstrup K, Agner E, Carlsen J, Videbaek J, Marchant B, Camm AJ (1999). "Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (12): 857–65. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909163411201. PMID 10486417. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Ottervanger JP, Stricker BH, Bakker A (1998). "NSAIDs associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure in elderly patients taking diuretics". Archives of Internal Medicine. 158 (10): 1108–12. PMID 9605782. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Gan SC, Barr J, Arieff AI, Pearl RG (1992). "Biguanide-associated lactic acidosis. Case report and review of the literature". Archives of Internal Medicine. 152 (11): 2333–6. PMID 1444694. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Masoudi FA, Inzucchi SE, Wang Y, Havranek EP, Foody JM, Krumholz HM (2005). "Thiazolidinediones, metformin, and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study". Circulation. 111 (5): 583–90. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000154542.13412.B1. PMID 15699279. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Swenson JR, Doucette S, Fergusson D (2006). "Adverse cardiovascular events in antidepressant trials involving high-risk patients: a systematic review of randomized trials". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 51 (14): 923–9. PMID 17249635. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ↑ Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WR, Olin JW, Puschett JB, Rosenfield KA, Sacks D, Stanley JC, Taylor LM, White CJ, White J, White RA, Antman EM, Smith SC, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B (2006). "ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation". Circulation. 113 (11): e463–654. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174526. PMID 16549646. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Storen EC, Tefferi A (2001). "Long-term use of anagrelide in young patients with essential thrombocythemia". Blood. 97 (4): 863–6. PMID 11159509. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ "Anagrelide, a therapy for thrombocythemic states: experience in 577 patients. Anagrelide Study Group". The American Journal of Medicine. 92 (1): 69–76. 1992. PMID 1731512. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ↑ Lewis GD, Shah R, Shahzad K, Camuso JM, Pappagianopoulos PP, Hung J, Tawakol A, Gerszten RE, Systrom DM, Bloch KD, Semigran MJ (2007). "Sildenafil improves exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with systolic heart failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension". Circulation. 116 (14): 1555–62. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.716373. PMID 17785618. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, Fuchs H, Paton V, Bajamonde A, Fleming T, Eiermann W, Wolter J, Pegram M, Baselga J, Norton L (2001). "Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (11): 783–92. doi:10.1056/NEJM200103153441101. PMID 11248153. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, Fasanmade AA, Willerson JT (2003). "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial". Circulation. 107 (25): 3133–40. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000077913.60364.D2. PMID 12796126. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Yap YG, Camm AJ (2003). "Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 89 (11): 1363–72. PMC 1767957. PMID 14594906. Retrieved 2011-04-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Packer M, Gottlieb SS, Kessler PD (1986). "Hormone-electrolyte interactions in the pathogenesis of lethal cardiac arrhythmias in patients with congestive heart failure. Basis of a new physiologic approach to control of arrhythmia". The American Journal of Medicine. 80 (4A): 23–9. PMID 2871753. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM (1995). "A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure". The New England Journal of Medicine. 333 (18): 1190–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511023331806. PMID 7565975. Retrieved 2011-04-10. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Philbin EF (1999). "Comprehensive multidisciplinary programs for the management of patients with congestive heart failure". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 14 (2): 130–5. PMID 10051785. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  20. ↑ "Consensus recommendations for the management of chronic heart failure. On behalf of the membership of the advisory council to improve outcomes nationwide in heart failure". The American Journal of Cardiology. 83 (2A): 1A–38A. 1999. PMID 10072251. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. ↑ Brater DC (1998). "Diuretic therapy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (6): 387–95. doi:10.1056/NEJM199808063390607. PMID 9691107. Retrieved 2011-04-12. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ Cody RJ, Kubo SH, Pickworth KK (1994). "Diuretic treatment for the sodium retention of congestive heart failure". Archives of Internal Medicine. 154 (17): 1905–14. PMID 8074594. Retrieved 2011-04-12. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Patterson JH, Adams KF, Applefeld MM, Corder CN, Masse BR (1994). "Oral torsemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure: effects on body weight, edema, and electrolyte excretion. Torsemide Investigators Group". Pharmacotherapy. 14 (5): 514–21. PMID 7997385. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Richardson A, Bayliss J, Scriven AJ, Parameshwar J, Poole-Wilson PA, Sutton GC (1987). "Double-blind comparison of captopril alone against frusemide plus amiloride in mild heart failure". Lancet. 2 (8561): 709–11. PMID 2888942. Retrieved 2011-04-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Packer M, Medina N, Yushak M, Meller J (1983). "Hemodynamic patterns of response during long-term captopril therapy for severe chronic heart failure". Circulation. 68 (4): 803–12. PMID 6352079. Retrieved 2011-04-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Risler T, Schwab A, Kramer B, Braun N, Erley C (1994). "Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of loop diuretics in renal failure". Cardiology. 84 Suppl 2: 155–61. PMID 7954539. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  27. ↑ Cody RJ, Franklin KW, Laragh JH (1982). "Postural hypotension during tilt with chronic captopril and diuretic therapy of severe congestive heart failure". American Heart Journal. 103 (4 Pt 1): 480–4. PMID 7039281. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  28. ↑ Vasko MR, Cartwright DB, Knochel JP, Nixon JV, Brater DC (1985). "Furosemide absorption altered in decompensated congestive heart failure". Annals of Internal Medicine. 102 (3): 314–8. PMID 3970471. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  29. ↑ Dormans TP, van Meyel JJ, Gerlag PG, Tan Y, Russel FG, Smits P (1996). "Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 28 (2): 376–82. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(96)00161-1. PMID 8800113. Retrieved 2011-04-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ "Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The SOLVD Investigattors". The New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (10): 685–91. 1992. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209033271003. PMID 1463530. Retrieved 2011-04-22. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Exner DV, Dries DL, Domanski MJ, Cohn JN (2001). "Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black as compared with white patients with left ventricular dysfunction". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (18): 1351–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105033441802. PMID 11333991. Retrieved 2011-04-22. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN (1999). "Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group". Journal of Cardiac Failure. 5 (3): 178–87. PMID 10496190. Retrieved 2011-04-22. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Garg R, Yusuf S (1995). "Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials". JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 273 (18): 1450–6. PMID 7654275. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Rydén L, Thygesen K, Uretsky BF (1999). "Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group". Circulation. 100 (23): 2312–8. PMID 10587334. Retrieved 2011-04-22. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Delahaye F, de Gevigney G (2000). "Is the optimal dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure definitely established?". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 36 (7): 2096–7. PMID 11127446. Retrieved 2011-04-22. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ "Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 308 (6921): 81–106. 1994. PMC 2539220. PMID 8298418. Retrieved 2011-04-22. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE; et al. (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019. PMID 23747642.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID: 19324967
  40. ↑ Holland R, Battersby J, Harvey I, Lenaghan E, Smith J, Hay L (2005). "Systematic review of multidisciplinary interventions in heart failure". Heart. 91 (7): 899–906. doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.048389. PMC 1769009. PMID 15958358. Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Jan;9(1):23
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, McMurray JJ (2004). "Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials". J Am Coll Cardiol. 44 (4): 810–9. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.055. PMID 15312864.
  42. ↑ Parajuli DR, Kourbelis C, Franzon J, Newman P, Mckinnon RA, Shakib S; et al. (2019). "Effectiveness of the Pharmacist-Involved Multidisciplinary Management of Heart Failure to Improve Hospitalizations and Mortality Rates in 4630 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". J Card Fail. 25 (9): 744–756. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.07.455. PMID 31351119.
  43. ↑ Takeda A, Martin N, Taylor RS, Taylor SJ (2019). "Disease management interventions for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1: CD002752. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002752.pub4. PMC 6492456. PMID 30620776.
  44. ↑ Jonkman NH, Westland H, Groenwold RH, Ågren S, Atienza F, Blue L; et al. (2016). "Do Self-Management Interventions Work in Patients With Heart Failure? An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis". Circulation. 133 (12): 1189–98. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018006. PMC 5180429. PMID 26873943.
  45. ↑ Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto-Merino D, Cleland JG (2015). "Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10): CD007228. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007228.pub3. PMC 8482064 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 26517969.
  46. ↑ Inglis SC, Clark RA, McAlister FA, Ball J, Lewinter C, Cullington D; et al. (2010). "Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8): CD007228. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007228.pub2. PMID 20687083. Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2011 Jan;14(1):27-8
  47. ↑ Jovicic A, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE (2006). "Effects of self-management intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 6: 43. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-6-43. PMC 1660572. PMID 17081306.
  48. ↑ Ruppar TM, Cooper PS, Mehr DR, Delgado JM, Dunbar-Jacob JM (2016). "Medication Adherence Interventions Improve Heart Failure Mortality and Readmission Rates: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials". J Am Heart Assoc. 5 (6). doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002606. PMC 4937243. PMID 27317347.
  49. ↑ Butt AA, Omer SB, Yan P, Shaikh OS, Mayr FB (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Effectiveness in a High-Risk National Population in a Real-World Setting". Ann Intern Med. 174 (10): 1404–1408. doi:10.7326/M21-1577. PMC 8381771 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34280332 Check |pmid= value (help).
  50. ↑ Gotsman I, Shuvy M, Tahiroglu I, Zwas DR, Keren A (2020). "Influenza Vaccination and Outcome in Heart Failure". Am J Cardiol. 128: 134–139. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.019. PMID 32650907 Check |pmid= value (help).
  51. ↑ Modin D, Jørgensen ME, Gislason G, Jensen JS, Køber L, Claggett B; et al. (2019). "Influenza Vaccine in Heart Failure". Circulation. 139 (5): 575–586. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036788. PMID 30586760.
  52. ↑ Mohseni H, Kiran A, Khorshidi R, Rahimi K (2017). "Influenza vaccination and risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure: a self-controlled case series study". Eur Heart J. 38 (5): 326–333. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw411. PMC 5837634. PMID 27660378.
  53. ↑ Vardeny O, Claggett B, Udell JA, Packer M, Zile M, Rouleau J; et al. (2016). "Influenza Vaccination in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: The PARADIGM-HF Trial". JACC Heart Fail. 4 (2): 152–158. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2015.10.012. PMID 26746371.
  54. ↑ Yedlapati SH, Khan SU, Talluri S, Lone AN, Khan MZ, Khan MS; et al. (2021). "Effects of Influenza Vaccine on Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". J Am Heart Assoc. 10 (6): e019636. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.019636. PMC 8174205 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33719496 Check |pmid= value (help).
  55. ↑ Ahmed MB, Patel K, Fonarow GC, Morgan CJ, Butler J, Bittner V; et al. (2016). "Higher risk for incident heart failure and cardiovascular mortality among community-dwelling octogenarians without pneumococcal vaccination". ESC Heart Fail. 3 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12056. PMC 5019269. PMID 27668089.
  56. ↑ Freedland KE, Carney RM, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Skala JA, Dávila-Román VG (2016). "Depression and Multiple Rehospitalizations in Patients With Heart Failure". Clin Cardiol. 39 (5): 257–62. doi:10.1002/clc.22520. PMC 4879082. PMID 26840627.
  57. ↑ Freedland KE, Hesseler MJ, Carney RM, Steinmeyer BC, Skala JA, Dávila-Román VG; et al. (2016). "Major Depression and Long-Term Survival of Patients With Heart Failure". Psychosom Med. 78 (8): 896–903. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000346. PMC 5067963. PMID 27187847.
  58. ↑ Murberg TA (2004). "Long-term effect of social relationships on mortality in patients with congestive heart failure". Int J Psychiatry Med. 34 (3): 207–17. doi:10.2190/GKJ2-P8BD-V59X-MJNQ. PMID 15666956.
  59. ↑ Murberg TA, Bru E (2001). "Social relationships and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure". J Psychosom Res. 51 (3): 521–7. doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00226-4. PMID 11602222.
  60. ↑ Heidari Gorji MA, Fatahian A, Farsavian A (2019). "The impact of perceived and objective social isolation on hospital readmission in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 60: 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.002. PMID 31310898.
  61. ↑ Gallagher R, Luttik ML, Jaarsma T (2011). "Social support and self-care in heart failure". J Cardiovasc Nurs. 26 (6): 439–45. doi:10.1097/JCN.0b013e31820984e1. PMID 21372734.
  62. ↑ Uchmanowicz I, Lee CS, Vitale C, Manulik S, Denfeld QE, Uchmanowicz B; et al. (2020). "Frailty and the risk of all-cause mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis". ESC Heart Fail. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12827. PMC 7754732 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32955168 Check |pmid= value (help).
  63. ↑ Uchmanowicz I, Wleklik M, Gobbens RJ (2015). "Frailty syndrome and self-care ability in elderly patients with heart failure". Clin Interv Aging. 10: 871–7. doi:10.2147/CIA.S83414. PMC 4441356. PMID 26028966.
  64. ↑ Fabbri M, Murad MH, Wennberg AM, Turcano P, Erwin PJ, Alahdab F; et al. (2020). "Health Literacy and Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". JACC Heart Fail. 8 (6): 451–460. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2019.11.007. PMC 7263350 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32466837 Check |pmid= value (help).
  65. ↑ Macabasco-O'Connell A, DeWalt DA, Broucksou KA, Hawk V, Baker DW, Schillinger D; et al. (2011). "Relationship between literacy, knowledge, self-care behaviors, and heart failure-related quality of life among patients with heart failure". J Gen Intern Med. 26 (9): 979–86. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1668-y. PMC 3157534. PMID 21369770.
  66. ↑ Philipson H, Ekman I, Forslund HB, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M (2013). "Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail. 15 (11): 1304–10. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hft097. PMID 23787719.
  67. ↑ Doukky R, Avery E, Mangla A, Collado FM, Ibrahim Z, Poulin MF; et al. (2016). "Impact of Dietary Sodium Restriction on Heart Failure Outcomes". JACC Heart Fail. 4 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2015.08.007. PMC 4705447. PMID 26738949.
  68. ↑ Kalogeropoulos A, Papadimitriou L, Georgiopoulou VV, Dunbar SB, Skopicki H, Butler J (2020). "Low- Versus Moderate-Sodium Diet in Patients With Recent Hospitalization for Heart Failure: The PROHIBIT (Prevent Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure by Limiting Sodium) Pilot Study". Circ Heart Fail. 13 (1): e006389. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006389. PMC 7233690 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31959014.
  69. ↑ Colin-Ramirez E, McAlister FA, Zheng Y, Sharma S, Armstrong PW, Ezekowitz JA (2015). "The long-term effects of dietary sodium restriction on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. The SODIUM-HF (Study of Dietary Intervention Under 100 mmol in Heart Failure): a pilot study". Am Heart J. 169 (2): 274–281.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.11.013. PMID 25641537.
  70. ↑ Colin-Ramirez E, McAlister FA, Zheng Y, Sharma S, Ezekowitz JA (2016). "Changes in dietary intake and nutritional status associated with a significant reduction in sodium intake in patients with heart failure. A sub-analysis of the SODIUM-HF pilot study". Clin Nutr ESPEN. 11: e26–e32. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.11.002. PMID 28531423.
  71. ↑ Hummel SL, Karmally W, Gillespie BW, Helmke S, Teruya S, Wells J; et al. (2018). "Home-Delivered Meals Postdischarge From Heart Failure Hospitalization". Circ Heart Fail. 11 (8): e004886. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004886. PMC 6205816. PMID 30354562.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 O'Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, Keteyian SJ, Cooper LS, Ellis SJ; et al. (2009). "Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 301 (14): 1439–50. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.454. PMC 2916661. PMID 19351941.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Davies EJ, Moxham T, Rees K, Singh S, Coats AJ, Ebrahim S; et al. (2010). "Exercise training for systolic heart failure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur J Heart Fail. 12 (7): 706–15. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfq056. PMC 2891490. PMID 20494922.
  74. ↑ Haykowsky MJ, Timmons MP, Kruger C, McNeely M, Taylor DA, Clark AM (2013). "Meta-analysis of aerobic interval training on exercise capacity and systolic function in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fractions". Am J Cardiol. 111 (10): 1466–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.01.303. PMID 23433767.
  75. ↑ Santos FV, Chiappa GR, Ramalho SHR, de Lima ACGB, de Souza FSJ, Cahalin LP; et al. (2018). "Resistance exercise enhances oxygen uptake without worsening cardiac function in patients with systolic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Heart Fail Rev. 23 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1007/s10741-017-9658-8. PMID 29199385.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Taylor RS, Walker S, Smart NA, Piepoli MF, Warren FC, Ciani O; et al. (2019). "Impact of Exercise Rehabilitation on Exercise Capacity and Quality-of-Life in Heart Failure: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 73 (12): 1430–1443. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.072. PMC 8351793 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 30922474.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJ, Dalal HM, Lough F; et al. (2015). "Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis". Open Heart. 2 (1): e000163. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2014-000163. PMC 4316592. PMID 25685361.
  78. ↑ Piepoli MF, Davos C, Francis DP, Coats AJ, ExTraMATCH Collaborative (2004). "Exercise training meta-analysis of trials in patients with chronic heart failure (ExTraMATCH)". BMJ. 328 (7433): 189. doi:10.1136/bmj.37938.645220.EE. PMC 318480. PMID 14729656.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Taylor RS, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJ, Dalal H; et al. (2014). "Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD003331. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub4. PMC 6485909. PMID 24771460.
  80. ↑ Kitzman DW, Whellan DJ, Duncan P, Pastva AM, Mentz RJ, Reeves GR; et al. (2021). "Physical Rehabilitation for Older Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure". N Engl J Med. 385 (3): 203–216. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2026141. PMC 8353658 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33999544 Check |pmid= value (help).
  81. ↑ Goebel KM (1993). "Six-week study of torsemide in patients with congestive heart failure". Clin Ther. 15 (6): 1051–9. PMID 8111802.
  82. ↑ Wilson JR, Reichek N, Dunkman WB, Goldberg S (1981). "Effect of diuresis on the performance of the failing left ventricle in man". Am J Med. 70 (2): 234–9. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90755-5. PMID 7468610.
  83. ↑ Parker JO (1993). "The effects of oral ibopamine in patients with mild heart failure--a double blind placebo controlled comparison to furosemide. The Ibopamine Study Group". Int J Cardiol. 40 (3): 221–7. doi:10.1016/0167-5273(93)90004-z. PMID 8225657.
  84. ↑ Grodin JL, Stevens SR, de Las Fuentes L, Kiernan M, Birati EY, Gupta D; et al. (2016). "Intensification of Medication Therapy for Cardiorenal Syndrome in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure". J Card Fail. 22 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.07.007. PMC 4706474. PMID 26209004.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR; et al. (2014). "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure". N Engl J Med. 371 (11): 993–1004. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1409077. PMID 25176015. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2015 Apr;20(2):61 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17;162(4):JC2
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Wachter R, Senni M, Belohlavek J, Straburzynska-Migaj E, Witte KK, Kobalava Z; et al. (2019). "Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in haemodynamically stabilised heart failure patients in hospital or early after discharge: primary results of the randomised TRANSITION study". Eur J Heart Fail. 21 (8): 998–1007. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1498. PMID 31134724.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Velazquez EJ, Morrow DA, DeVore AD, Duffy CI, Ambrosy AP, McCague K; et al. (2019). "Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure". N Engl J Med. 380 (6): 539–548. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812851. PMID 30415601.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Desai AS, Solomon SD, Shah AM, Claggett BL, Fang JC, Izzo J; et al. (2019). "Effect of Sacubitril-Valsartan vs Enalapril on Aortic Stiffness in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 322 (11): 1077–1084. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.12843. PMC 6749534 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31475296.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Wang Y, Zhou R, Lu C, Chen Q, Xu T, Li D (2019). "Effects of the Angiotensin-Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor on Cardiac Reverse Remodeling: Meta-Analysis". J Am Heart Assoc. 8 (13): e012272. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.012272. PMC 6662364 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31240976.
  90. ↑ CONSENSUS Trial Study Group (1987). "Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)". N Engl J Med. 316 (23): 1429–35. doi:10.1056/NEJM198706043162301. PMID 2883575.
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 SOLVD Investigators. Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, Hood WB, Cohn JN (1991). "Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med. 325 (5): 293–302. doi:10.1056/NEJM199108013250501. PMID 2057034.
  92. ↑ Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Cuddy TE; et al. (1992). "Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators". N Engl J Med. 327 (10): 669–77. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209033271001. PMID 1386652.
  93. ↑ "Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators". Lancet. 342 (8875): 821–8. 1993. PMID 8104270.
  94. ↑ Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K; et al. (1995). "A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group". N Engl J Med. 333 (25): 1670–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199512213332503. PMID 7477219.
  95. ↑ Woodard-Grice AV, Lucisano AC, Byrd JB, Stone ER, Simmons WH, Brown NJ (2010). "Sex-dependent and race-dependent association of XPNPEP2 C-2399A polymorphism with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema". Pharmacogenet Genomics. 20 (9): 532–6. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32833d3acb. PMC 2945219. PMID 20625347.
  96. ↑ Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators (2001). "A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med. 345 (23): 1667–75. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010713. PMID 11759645.
  97. ↑ Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP; et al. (2003). "Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both". N Engl J Med. 349 (20): 1893–906. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032292. PMID 14610160. Review in: ACP J Club. 2004 Jul-Aug;141(1):3
  98. ↑ Konstam MA, Neaton JD, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Komajda M, Martinez FA; et al. (2009). "Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial". Lancet. 374 (9704): 1840–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61913-9. PMID 19922995. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2010 Apr;15(2):51-2
  99. ↑ Dominiak M (2008). "[Commentary to the article: ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1547-59]". Kardiol Pol. 66 (6): 705–6, discussion 707. PMID 18700309.
  100. ↑ Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators. Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, Pogue J, Dyal L; et al. (2008). "Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 372 (9644): 1174–83. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61242-8. PMID 18757085. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Feb 17;150(4):JC2-6
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Banka G, Heidenreich PA, Fonarow GC (2013). "Incremental cost-effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapies for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol. 61 (13): 1440–6. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.022. PMID 23433562.
  102. ↑ Dasbach EJ, Rich MW, Segal R, Gerth WC, Carides GW, Cook JR; et al. (1999). "The cost-effectiveness of losartan versus captopril in patients with symptomatic heart failure". Cardiology. 91 (3): 189–94. doi:10.1159/000006908. PMID 10516413.
  103. ↑ Glick H, Cook J, Kinosian B, Pitt B, Bourassa MG, Pouleur H; et al. (1995). "Costs and effects of enalapril therapy in patients with symptomatic heart failure: an economic analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Treatment Trial". J Card Fail. 1 (5): 371–80. doi:10.1016/s1071-9164(05)80006-5. PMID 12836712.
  104. ↑ Paul SD, Kuntz KM, Eagle KA, Weinstein MC (1994). "Costs and effectiveness of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure". Arch Intern Med. 154 (10): 1143–9. PMID 8185426.
  105. ↑ Shekelle P, Morton S, Atkinson S, Suttorp M, Tu W, Heidenreich P; et al. (2003). "Pharmacologic management of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: effect in female, black, and diabetic patients, and cost-effectiveness". Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) (82): 1–6. PMC 4781559. PMID 14571595.
  106. ↑ Tsevat J, Duke D, Goldman L, Pfeffer MA, Lamas GA, Soukup JR; et al. (1995). "Cost-effectiveness of captopril therapy after myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol. 26 (4): 914–9. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00284-1. PMID 7560617.
  107. ↑ Gaziano TA, Fonarow GC, Claggett B, Chan WW, Deschaseaux-Voinet C, Turner SJ; et al. (2016). "Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Sacubitril/Valsartan vs Enalapril in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction". JAMA Cardiol. 1 (6): 666–72. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.1747. PMID 27438344.
  108. ↑ Gaziano TA, Fonarow GC, Velazquez EJ, Morrow DA, Braunwald E, Solomon SD (2020). "Cost-effectiveness of Sacubitril-Valsartan in Hospitalized Patients Who Have Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction". JAMA Cardiol. 5 (11): 1236–1244. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2822. PMC 7675099 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32785628 Check |pmid= value (help).
  109. ↑ King JB, Shah RU, Bress AP, Nelson RE, Bellows BK (2016). "Cost-Effectiveness of Sacubitril-Valsartan Combination Therapy Compared With Enalapril for the Treatment of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction". JACC Heart Fail. 4 (5): 392–402. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.02.007. PMID 27039128.
  110. ↑ Sandhu AT, Ollendorf DA, Chapman RH, Pearson SD, Heidenreich PA (2016). "Cost-Effectiveness of Sacubitril-Valsartan in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction". Ann Intern Med. 165 (10): 681–689. doi:10.7326/M16-0057. PMID 27571284.
  111. ↑ Packer M, Califf RM, Konstam MA, Krum H, McMurray JJ, Rouleau JL; et al. (2002). "Comparison of omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE)". Circulation. 106 (8): 920–6. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000029801.86489.50. PMID 12186794.
  112. ↑ Kostis JB, Packer M, Black HR, Schmieder R, Henry D, Levy E (2004). "Omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with hypertension: the Omapatrilat Cardiovascular Treatment vs. Enalapril (OCTAVE) trial". Am J Hypertens. 17 (2): 103–11. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.09.014. PMID 14751650.
  113. ↑ Vardeny O, Miller R, Solomon SD (2014). "Combined neprilysin and renin-angiotensin system inhibition for the treatment of heart failure". JACC Heart Fail. 2 (6): 663–70. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2014.09.001. PMID 25306450.
  114. ↑ Messerli FH, Nussberger J (2000). "Vasopeptidase inhibition and angio-oedema". Lancet. 356 (9230): 608–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02596-4. PMID 10968427.
  115. ↑ Braunwald E (2015). "The path to an angiotensin receptor antagonist-neprilysin inhibitor in the treatment of heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol. 65 (10): 1029–41. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.033. PMID 25766951.
  116. ↑ Ruilope LM, Dukat A, Böhm M, Lacourcière Y, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP (2010). "Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study". Lancet. 375 (9722): 1255–66. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61966-8. PMID 20236700.
  117. ↑ Byrd JB, Adam A, Brown NJ (2006). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 26 (4): 725–37. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2006.08.001. PMID 17085287.
  118. ↑ Toh S, Reichman ME, Houstoun M, Ross Southworth M, Ding X, Hernandez AF; et al. (2012). "Comparative risk for angioedema associated with the use of drugs that target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system". Arch Intern Med. 172 (20): 1582–9. doi:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.34. PMID 23147456. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2013 Dec;18(6):e52
  119. ↑ Makani H, Messerli FH, Romero J, Wever-Pinzon O, Korniyenko A, Berrios RS; et al. (2012). "Meta-analysis of randomized trials of angioedema as an adverse event of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors". Am J Cardiol. 110 (3): 383–91. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.034. PMID 22521308.
  120. ↑ Rasmussen ER, Pottegård A, Bygum A, von Buchwald C, Homøe P, Hallas J (2019). "Angiotensin II receptor blockers are safe in patients with prior angioedema related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - a nationwide registry-based cohort study". J Intern Med. 285 (5): 553–561. doi:10.1111/joim.12867. PMID 30618189.
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 "The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial". Lancet. 353 (9146): 9–13. 1999. PMID 10023943.
  122. ↑ "Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)". Lancet. 353 (9169): 2001–7. 1999. PMID 10376614.
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H; et al. (2002). "Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study". Circulation. 106 (17): 2194–9. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000035653.72855.bf. PMID 12390947.
  124. ↑ Caro JJ, Migliaccio-Walle K, O'Brien JA, Nova W, Kim J, Hauch O; et al. (2005). "Economic implications of extended-release metoprolol succinate for heart failure in the MERIT-HF trial: a US perspective of the MERIT-HF trial". J Card Fail. 11 (9): 647–56. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.06.433. PMID 16360958.
  125. ↑ Delea TE, Vera-Llonch M, Richner RE, Fowler MB, Oster G (1999). "Cost effectiveness of carvedilol for heart failure". Am J Cardiol. 83 (6): 890–6. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)01066-2. PMID 10190405.
  126. ↑ Gregory D, Udelson JE, Konstam MA (2001). "Economic impact of beta blockade in heart failure". Am J Med. 110 Suppl 7A: 74S–80S. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00387-8. PMID 11334781.
  127. ↑ Vera-Llonch M, Menzin J, Richner RE, Oster G (2001). "Cost-effectiveness results from the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Trials Program". Ann Pharmacother. 35 (7–8): 846–51. doi:10.1345/aph.10114. PMID 11485131.
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A; et al. (1999). "The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators". N Engl J Med. 341 (10): 709–17. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909023411001. PMID 10471456.
  129. ↑ Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B; et al. (2003). "Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med. 348 (14): 1309–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030207. PMID 12668699. Review in: J Fam Pract. 2003 Aug;52(8):598-9 Review in: ACP J Club. 2003 Sep-Oct;139(2):32
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H; et al. (2011). "Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms". N Engl J Med. 364 (1): 11–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009492. PMID 21073363. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Aug;16(4):121-2 Review in: J Fam Pract. 2011 Aug;60(8):482-4
  131. ↑ Glick HA, Orzol SM, Tooley JF, Remme WJ, Sasayama S, Pitt B (2002). "Economic evaluation of the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES): treatment of patients with severe heart failure". Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 16 (1): 53–9. doi:10.1023/a:1015371616135. PMID 12085979.
  132. ↑ Weintraub WS, Zhang Z, Mahoney EM, Kolm P, Spertus JA, Caro J; et al. (2005). "Cost-effectiveness of eplerenone compared with placebo in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure". Circulation. 111 (9): 1106–13. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000157146.86758.BC. PMID 15723981.
  133. ↑ Zhang Z, Mahoney EM, Kolm P, Spertus J, Caro J, Willke R; et al. (2010). "Cost effectiveness of eplerenone in patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction who were taking both ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers: subanalysis of the EPHESUS". Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 10 (1): 55–63. doi:10.2165/11319940-000000000-00000. PMID 20104935.
  134. ↑ Hernandez AF, Mi X, Hammill BG, Hammill SC, Heidenreich PA, Masoudi FA; et al. (2012). "Associations between aldosterone antagonist therapy and risks of mortality and readmission among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". JAMA. 308 (20): 2097–107. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.14795. PMID 23188026.
  135. ↑ Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, Kopp A, Austin PC, Laupacis A; et al. (2004). "Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study". N Engl J Med. 351 (6): 543–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040135. PMID 15295047.
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA; et al. (2019). "Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction". N Engl J Med. 381 (21): 1995–2008. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1911303. PMID 31535829. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2020 Feb 18;172(4):JC16
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P; et al. (2020). "Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure". N Engl J Med. 383 (15): 1413–1424. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022190. PMID 32865377 Check |pmid= value (help). Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2020 Nov 17;173(10):JC51
  138. ↑ Parizo JT, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Salomon JA, Khush KK, Spertus JA, Heidenreich PA; et al. (2021). "Cost-effectiveness of Dapagliflozin for Treatment of Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction". JAMA Cardiol. 6 (8): 926–935. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.1437. PMC 8156166 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34037681 Check |pmid= value (help).
  139. ↑ Isaza N, Calvachi P, Raber I, Liu CL, Bellows BK, Hernandez I; et al. (2021). "Cost-effectiveness of Dapagliflozin for the Treatment of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction". JAMA Netw Open. 4 (7): e2114501. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14501. PMC 8317009 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34313742 Check |pmid= value (help).
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R, Ferdinand K; et al. (2004). "Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure". N Engl J Med. 351 (20): 2049–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042934. PMID 15533851. Review in: ACP J Club. 2005 Mar-Apr;142(2):37
  141. ↑ Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Tam SW, Ghali JK, Sabolinski ML, Villagra VG; et al. (2005). "Cost-effectiveness of fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine therapy for blacks with heart failure". Circulation. 112 (24): 3745–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563882. PMID 16344404.
  142. ↑ Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE; et al. (1986). "Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study". N Engl J Med. 314 (24): 1547–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM198606123142404. PMID 3520315.
  143. ↑ Khazanie P, Liang L, Curtis LH, Butler J, Eapen ZJ, Heidenreich PA; et al. (2016). "Clinical Effectiveness of Hydralazine-Isosorbide Dinitrate Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Findings From the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry". Circ Heart Fail. 9 (2): e002444. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002444. PMC 4755330. PMID 26867758.
  144. ↑ Macchia A, Levantesi G, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Maggioni AP, Marfisi R; et al. (2005). "Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids". Eur J Heart Fail. 7 (5): 904–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.04.008. PMID 16087142.
  145. ↑ Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Latini R; et al. (2008). "Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 372 (9645): 1223–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61239-8. PMID 18757090. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Jan 20;150(2):JC1-11
  146. ↑ Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB; et al. (2019). "Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia". N Engl J Med. 380 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812792. PMID 30415628.
  147. ↑ Peterson BE, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA; et al. (2021). "Reduction in Revascularization With Icosapent Ethyl: Insights From REDUCE-IT Revascularization Analyses". Circulation. 143 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050276. PMC 7752247 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33148016 Check |pmid= value (help).
  148. ↑ Pitt B, Anker SD, Bushinsky DA, Kitzman DW, Zannad F, Huang IZ; et al. (2011). "Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial". Eur Heart J. 32 (7): 820–8. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq502. PMC 3069389. PMID 21208974.
  149. ↑ Anker SD, Kosiborod M, Zannad F, Piña IL, McCullough PA, Filippatos G; et al. (2015). "Maintenance of serum potassium with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) in heart failure patients: results from a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Eur J Heart Fail. 17 (10): 1050–6. doi:10.1002/ejhf.300. PMC 5033065. PMID 26011677.
  150. ↑ Massie BM, Collins JF, Ammon SE, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Ezekowitz M; et al. (2009). "Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure: the Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) trial". Circulation. 119 (12): 1616–24. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.801753. PMID 19289640.
  151. ↑ Homma S, Thompson JL, Pullicino PM, Levin B, Freudenberger RS, Teerlink JR; et al. (2012). "Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm". N Engl J Med. 366 (20): 1859–69. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1202299. PMC 3723382. PMID 22551105. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2012 Aug 21;157(4):JC2-7 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2013 Apr;18(2):69-70
  152. ↑ Zannad F, Anker SD, Byra WM, Cleland JGF, Fu M, Gheorghiade M; et al. (2018). "Rivaroxaban in Patients with Heart Failure, Sinus Rhythm, and Coronary Disease". N Engl J Med. 379 (14): 1332–1342. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1808848. PMID 30146935.
  153. ↑ Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, Pressler ML, Carson PE, Belkin RN; et al. (1996). "Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group". N Engl J Med. 335 (15): 1107–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM199610103351504. PMID 8813041.
  154. ↑ Packer M, Carson P, Elkayam U, Konstam MA, Moe G, O'Connor C; et al. (2013). "Effect of amlodipine on the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure due to a nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the PRAISE-2 study (prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation 2)". JACC Heart Fail. 1 (4): 308–314. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2013.04.004. PMID 24621933.
  155. ↑ Djoussé L, Cook NR, Kim E, Bodar V, Walter J, Bubes V; et al. (2020). "Supplementation With Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Incidence of Heart Failure Hospitalization: VITAL-Heart Failure". Circulation. 141 (9): 784–786. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044645. PMC 7054158 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31709816.
  156. ↑ Wang T, Liu Z, Fu J, Min Z (2019). "Meta-analysis of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of chronic heart failure". Scand Cardiovasc J. 53 (3): 110–116. doi:10.1080/14017431.2019.1612084. PMID 31032644.
  157. ↑ Zittermann A, Ernst JB, Prokop S, Fuchs U, Gruszka A, Dreier J; et al. (2019). "Vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU daily and cardiac function in patients with advanced heart failure: The EVITA trial". Int J Cardiol. 280: 117–123. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.027. PMID 30654912.
  158. ↑ Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold JM; et al. (2005). "Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 293 (11): 1338–47. doi:10.1001/jama.293.11.1338. PMID 15769967.
  159. ↑ Marchioli R, Levantesi G, Macchia A, Marfisi RM, Nicolosi GL, Tavazzi L; et al. (2006). "Vitamin E increases the risk of developing heart failure after myocardial infarction: Results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial". J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 7 (5): 347–50. doi:10.2459/01.JCM.0000223257.09062.17. PMID 16645413.
  160. ↑ Mortensen SA, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A, Dolliner P, Filipiak KJ, Pella D; et al. (2014). "The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial". JACC Heart Fail. 2 (6): 641–9. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2014.06.008. PMID 25282031.
  161. ↑ Madmani ME, Yusuf Solaiman A, Tamr Agha K, Madmani Y, Shahrour Y, Essali A; et al. (2014). "Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (6): CD008684. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008684.pub2. PMID 24049047.
  162. ↑ "Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II--DAVIT II)". Am J Cardiol. 66 (10): 779–85. 1990. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90351-z. PMID 2220572.
  163. ↑ Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group (1988). "The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med. 319 (7): 385–92. doi:10.1056/NEJM198808183190701. PMID 2899840.
  164. ↑ Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S (1991). "Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group". Circulation. 83 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.1.52. PMID 1984898.
  165. ↑ Figulla HR, Gietzen F, Zeymer U, Raiber M, Hegselmann J, Soballa R; et al. (1996). "Diltiazem improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of the Diltiazem in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Trial". Circulation. 94 (3): 346–52. doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.3.346. PMID 8759075.
  166. ↑ Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH; et al. (1991). "Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial". N Engl J Med. 324 (12): 781–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199103213241201. PMID 1900101.
  167. ↑ Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF; et al. (1996). "Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol". Lancet. 348 (9019): 7–12. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)02149-6. PMID 8691967.
  168. ↑ Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, Gøtzsche O, Lévy S, Crijns H; et al. (2008). "Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure". N Engl J Med. 358 (25): 2678–87. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0800456. PMID 18565860.
  169. ↑ Lipscombe LL, Gomes T, Lévesque LE, Hux JE, Juurlink DN, Alter DA (2007). "Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes". JAMA. 298 (22): 2634–43. doi:10.1001/jama.298.22.2634. PMID 18073359. Review in: ACP J Club. 2008 Jun 17;148(4):13
  170. ↑ Lago RM, Singh PP, Nesto RW (2007). "Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials". Lancet. 370 (9593): 1129–36. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61514-1. PMID 17905165. Review in: ACP J Club. 2008 Mar-Apr;148(2):39
  171. ↑ Dargie HJ, Hildebrandt PR, Riegger GA, McMurray JJ, McMorn SO, Roberts JN; et al. (2007). "A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II Heart Failure". J Am Coll Cardiol. 49 (16): 1696–704. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.077. PMID 17448371.
  172. ↑ Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M; et al. (2009). "Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial". Lancet. 373 (9681): 2125–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3. PMID 19501900. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Oct 20;151(8):JC4-8 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2009 Dec;14(6):168
  173. ↑ Giles TD, Miller AB, Elkayam U, Bhattacharya M, Perez A (2008). "Pioglitazone and heart failure: results from a controlled study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and systolic dysfunction". J Card Fail. 14 (6): 445–52. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.02.007. PMID 18672190.
  174. ↑ Scirica BM, Braunwald E, Raz I, Cavender MA, Morrow DA, Jarolim P; et al. (2014). "Heart failure, saxagliptin, and diabetes mellitus: observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 randomized trial". Circulation. 130 (18): 1579–88. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010389. PMID 25189213. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2015 Apr 21;162(8):JC11
  175. ↑ Zannad F, Cannon CP, Cushman WC, Bakris GL, Menon V, Perez AT; et al. (2015). "Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial". Lancet. 385 (9982): 2067–76. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62225-X. PMID 25765696.
  176. ↑ Verma S, Goldenberg RM, Bhatt DL, Farkouh ME, Quan A, Teoh H; et al. (2017). "Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the risk of heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". CMAJ Open. 5 (1): E152–E177. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20160058. PMC 5403656. PMID 28459046.
  177. ↑ Mamdani M, Juurlink DN, Lee DS, Rochon PA, Kopp A, Naglie G; et al. (2004). "Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors versus non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and congestive heart failure outcomes in elderly patients: a population-based cohort study". Lancet. 363 (9423): 1751–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16299-5. PMID 15172772.
  178. ↑ Hudson M, Richard H, Pilote L (2005). "Differences in outcomes of patients with congestive heart failure prescribed celecoxib, rofecoxib, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based study". BMJ. 330 (7504): 1370. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1370. PMC 558290. PMID 15947399.
  179. ↑ Gislason GH, Rasmussen JN, Abildstrom SZ, Schramm TK, Hansen ML, Fosbøl EL; et al. (2009). "Increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic heart failure". Arch Intern Med. 169 (2): 141–9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.525. PMID 19171810. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Jun 16;150(12):JC6-12
  180. ↑ Feenstra J, Heerdink ER, Grobbee DE, Stricker BH (2002). "Association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with first occurrence of heart failure and with relapsing heart failure: the Rotterdam Study". Arch Intern Med. 162 (3): 265–70. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.3.265. PMID 11822918.
  181. ↑ Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A; et al. (2010). "Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study". Lancet. 376 (9744): 875–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1. PMID 20801500.
  182. ↑ Borer JS, Böhm M, Ford I, Komajda M, Tavazzi L, Sendon JL; et al. (2012). "Effect of ivabradine on recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: the SHIFT Study". Eur Heart J. 33 (22): 2813–20. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs259. PMC 3498004. PMID 22927555.
  183. ↑ Digitalis Investigation Group (1997). "The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med. 336 (8): 525–33. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702203360801. PMID 9036306.
  184. ↑ Ahmed A, Rich MW, Love TE, Lloyd-Jones DM, Aban IB, Colucci WS; et al. (2006). "Digoxin and reduction in mortality and hospitalization in heart failure: a comprehensive post hoc analysis of the DIG trial". Eur Heart J. 27 (2): 178–86. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi687. PMC 2685167. PMID 16339157.
  185. ↑ Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators (1997). "A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias". N Engl J Med. 337 (22): 1576–83. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711273372202. PMID 9411221.
  186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J, Rüppel R (2000). "Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest : the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH)". Circulation. 102 (7): 748–54. doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.7.748. PMID 10942742.
  187. ↑ 187.0 187.1 Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Dorian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS; et al. (2000). "Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS) : a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone". Circulation. 101 (11): 1297–302. doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.11.1297. PMID 10725290.
  188. ↑ 188.0 188.1 Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H; et al. (1996). "Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators". N Engl J Med. 335 (26): 1933–40. doi:10.1056/NEJM199612263352601. PMID 8960472.
  189. ↑ 189.0 189.1 Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G (1999). "A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators". N Engl J Med. 341 (25): 1882–90. doi:10.1056/NEJM199912163412503. PMID 10601507.
  190. ↑ 190.0 190.1 Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS; et al. (2002). "Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med. 346 (12): 877–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013474. PMID 11907286 : 11907286 Check |pmid= value (help). Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Nov-Dec;137(3):81
  191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 Kadish A, Dyer A, Daubert JP, Quigg R, Estes NA, Anderson KP; et al. (2004). "Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med. 350 (21): 2151–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa033088. PMID 15152060. Review in: ACP J Club. 2004 Nov-Dec;141(3):61
  192. ↑ 192.0 192.1 Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R; et al. (2005). "Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med. 352 (3): 225–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043399. PMID 15659722. Review in: ACP J Club. 2005 Jul-Aug;143(1):6
  193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 Køber L, Thune JJ, Nielsen JC, Haarbo J, Videbæk L, Korup E; et al. (2016). "Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Nonischemic Systolic Heart Failure". N Engl J Med. 375 (13): 1221–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1608029. PMID 27571011. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov 15;165(10 ):JC55
  194. ↑ Al-Khatib SM, Anstrom KJ, Eisenstein EL, Peterson ED, Jollis JG, Mark DB; et al. (2005). "Clinical and economic implications of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II". Ann Intern Med. 142 (8): 593–600. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-8-200504190-00007. PMID 15838065.
  195. ↑ Cowie MR, Marshall D, Drummond M, Ferko N, Maschio M, Ekman M; et al. (2009). "Lifetime cost-effectiveness of prophylactic implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator in patients with reduced left ventricular systolic function: results of Markov modelling in a European population". Europace. 11 (6): 716–26. doi:10.1093/europace/eup068. PMID 19359333.
  196. ↑ Mark DB, Nelson CL, Anstrom KJ, Al-Khatib SM, Tsiatis AA, Cowper PA; et al. (2006). "Cost-effectiveness of defibrillator therapy or amiodarone in chronic stable heart failure: results from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT)". Circulation. 114 (2): 135–42. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.581884. PMID 16818817.
  197. ↑ Mushlin AI, Hall WJ, Zwanziger J, Gajary E, Andrews M, Marron R; et al. (1998). "The cost-effectiveness of automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators: results from MADIT. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial". Circulation. 97 (21): 2129–35. doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.21.2129. PMID 9626173.
  198. ↑ Sanders GD, Hlatky MA, Owens DK (2005). "Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators". N Engl J Med. 353 (14): 1471–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa051989. PMID 16207849. Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Mar-Apr;144(2):52
  199. ↑ Zwanziger J, Hall WJ, Dick AW, Zhao H, Mushlin AI, Hahn RM; et al. (2006). "The cost effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT)-II". J Am Coll Cardiol. 47 (11): 2310–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.032. PMID 16750701.
  200. ↑ Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS; et al. (2002). "Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med. 346 (12): 877–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013474. PMID 11907286. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Nov-Dec;137(3):81
  201. ↑ 201.0 201.1 201.2 201.3 201.4 201.5 201.6 201.7 201.8 Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E; et al. (2002). "Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med. 346 (24): 1845–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013168. PMID 12063368. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Nov-Dec;137(3):82
  202. ↑ 202.0 202.1 202.2 202.3 202.4 202.5 202.6 202.7 202.8 Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T; et al. (2004). "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med. 350 (21): 2140–50. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032423. PMID 15152059. Review in: ACP J Club. 2004 Nov-Dec;141(3):60
  203. ↑ 203.0 203.1 203.2 203.3 203.4 203.5 203.6 203.7 203.8 Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L; et al. (2005). "The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure". N Engl J Med. 352 (15): 1539–49. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050496. PMID 15753115. Review in: ACP J Club. 2005 Sep-Oct;143(2):29
  204. ↑ 204.0 204.1 204.2 204.3 204.4 204.5 204.6 204.7 204.8 Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, St John Sutton M, Ghio S, Daubert C; et al. (2008). "Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms". J Am Coll Cardiol. 52 (23): 1834–1843. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.027. PMID 19038680.
  205. ↑ 205.0 205.1 205.2 205.3 205.4 205.5 205.6 205.7 205.8 Goldenberg I, Kutyifa V, Klein HU, Cannom DS, Brown MW, Dan A; et al. (2014). "Survival with cardiac-resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure". N Engl J Med. 370 (18): 1694–701. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401426. PMID 24678999.
  206. ↑ 206.0 206.1 206.2 206.3 206.4 206.5 206.6 206.7 206.8 Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M, Arnold MO, Sheldon R, Connolly S; et al. (2010). "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure". N Engl J Med. 363 (25): 2385–95. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009540. PMID 21073365. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Oct;16(5):138-9
  207. ↑ Feldman AM, de Lissovoy G, Bristow MR, Saxon LA, De Marco T, Kass DA; et al. (2005). "Cost effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial". J Am Coll Cardiol. 46 (12): 2311–21. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.033. PMID 16360064.
  208. ↑ Gold MR, Padhiar A, Mealing S, Sidhu MK, Tsintzos SI, Abraham WT (2017). "Economic Value and Cost-Effectiveness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Among Patients With Mild Heart Failure: Projections From the REVERSE Long-Term Follow-Up". JACC Heart Fail. 5 (3): 204–212. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.10.014. PMID 28254126.
  209. ↑ Heerey A, Lauer M, Alsolaiman F, Czerr J, James K (2006). "Cost effectiveness of biventricular pacemakers in heart failure patients". Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 6 (2): 129–37. doi:10.2165/00129784-200606020-00007. PMID 16555866.
  210. ↑ Nichol G, Kaul P, Huszti E, Bridges JF (2004). "Cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with symptomatic heart failure". Ann Intern Med. 141 (5): 343–51. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-5-200409070-00102. PMID 15353425.
  211. ↑ Noyes K, Veazie P, Hall WJ, Zhao H, Buttaccio A, Thevenet-Morrison K; et al. (2013). "Cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the MADIT-CRT trial". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 24 (1): 66–74. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02413.x. PMC 3711178. PMID 22913474.
  212. ↑ Woo CY, Strandberg EJ, Schmiegelow MD, Pitt AL, Hlatky MA, Owens DK; et al. (2015). "Cost-Effectiveness of Adding Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy to an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Among Patients With Mild Heart Failure". Ann Intern Med. 163 (6): 417–26. doi:10.7326/M14-1804. PMC 8105088 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 26301323. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2016 Jun;21(3):88
  213. ↑ 213.0 213.1 213.2 213.3 213.4 213.5 213.6 Sipahi I, Chou JC, Hyden M, Rowland DY, Simon DI, Fang JC (2012). "Effect of QRS morphology on clinical event reduction with cardiac resynchronization therapy: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Am Heart J. 163 (2): 260–7.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.11.014. PMC 4113034. PMID 22305845.
  214. ↑ 214.0 214.1 214.2 214.3 214.4 214.5 214.6 Gervais R, Leclercq C, Shankar A, Jacobs S, Eiskjaer H, Johannessen A; et al. (2009). "Surface electrocardiogram to predict outcome in candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a sub-analysis of the CARE-HF trial". Eur J Heart Fail. 11 (7): 699–705. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp074. PMID 19505883.
  215. ↑ 215.0 215.1 215.2 215.3 215.4 215.5 215.6 Zareba W, Klein H, Cygankiewicz I, Hall WJ, McNitt S, Brown M; et al. (2011). "Effectiveness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy by QRS Morphology in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT)". Circulation. 123 (10): 1061–72. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.960898. PMID 21357819.
  216. ↑ 216.0 216.1 216.2 216.3 216.4 216.5 216.6 Gold MR, Thébault C, Linde C, Abraham WT, Gerritse B, Ghio S; et al. (2012). "Effect of QRS duration and morphology on cardiac resynchronization therapy outcomes in mild heart failure: results from the Resynchronization Reverses Remodeling in Systolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction (REVERSE) study". Circulation. 126 (7): 822–9. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.097709. PMID 22781424.
  217. ↑ 217.0 217.1 217.2 217.3 217.4 217.5 217.6 Birnie DH, Ha A, Higginson L, Sidhu K, Green M, Philippon F; et al. (2013). "Impact of QRS morphology and duration on outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from the Resynchronization-Defibrillation for Ambulatory Heart Failure Trial (RAFT)". Circ Heart Fail. 6 (6): 1190–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000380. PMID 23995437.
  218. ↑ 218.0 218.1 218.2 218.3 218.4 218.5 Nery PB, Ha AC, Keren A, Birnie DH (2011). "Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and right bundle branch block: a systematic review". Heart Rhythm. 8 (7): 1083–7. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.01.041. PMID 21300176.
  219. ↑ Curtis AB (2013). "Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction". N Engl J Med. 369 (6): 579. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1306998. PMID 23924013.
  220. ↑ Doshi RN, Daoud EG, Fellows C, Turk K, Duran A, Hamdan MH; et al. (2005). "Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study)". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 16 (11): 1160–5. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.50062.x. PMID 16302897.
  221. ↑ 221.0 221.1 Pugh TJ, Kelly MA, Gowrisankar S, Hynes E, Seidman MA, Baxter SM; et al. (2014). "The landscape of genetic variation in dilated cardiomyopathy as surveyed by clinical DNA sequencing". Genet Med. 16 (8): 601–8. doi:10.1038/gim.2013.204. PMID 24503780.
  222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 Gigli M, Merlo M, Graw SL, Barbati G, Rowland TJ, Slavov DB; et al. (2019). "Genetic Risk of Arrhythmic Phenotypes in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 74 (11): 1480–1490. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.072. PMC 6750731 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31514951.
  223. ↑ Towbin JA, McKenna WJ, Abrams DJ, Ackerman MJ, Calkins H, Darrieux FCC; et al. (2019). "2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy". Heart Rhythm. 16 (11): e301–e372. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007. PMID 31078652.
  224. ↑ Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Klein H, Brown MW, Daubert JP; et al. (2009). "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events". N Engl J Med. 361 (14): 1329–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0906431. PMID 19723701.
  225. ↑ Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF, Baker JH, Beau SL, Greenberg SM; et al. (2007). "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes". N Engl J Med. 357 (24): 2461–71. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706695. PMID 17986493.
  226. ↑ Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, Bax JJ, Borer JS, Brugada J; et al. (2013). "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex". N Engl J Med. 369 (15): 1395–405. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306687. PMID 23998714.
  227. ↑ Caracciolo EA, Davis KB, Sopko G, Kaiser GC, Corley SD, Schaff H; et al. (1995). "Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main equivalent coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience". Circulation. 91 (9): 2335–44. doi:10.1161/01.cir.91.9.2335. PMID 7729019.
  228. ↑ Howlett JG, Stebbins A, Petrie MC, Jhund PS, Castelvecchio S, Cherniavsky A; et al. (2019). "CABG Improves Outcomes in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: 10-Year Follow-Up of the STICH Trial". JACC Heart Fail. 7 (10): 878–887. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2019.04.018. PMC 7375257 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31521682.
  229. ↑ Mark DB, Knight JD, Velazquez EJ, Wasilewski J, Howlett JG, Smith PK; et al. (2014). "Quality-of-life outcomes with coronary artery bypass graft surgery in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction: a randomized trial". Ann Intern Med. 161 (6): 392–9. doi:10.7326/M13-1380. PMC 4182862. PMID 25222386.
  230. ↑ Park S, Ahn JM, Kim TO, Park H, Kang DY, Lee PH; et al. (2020). "Revascularization in Patients With Left Main Coronary Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol. 76 (12): 1395–1406. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.047. PMID 32943156 Check |pmid= value (help).
  231. ↑ Petrie MC, Jhund PS, She L, Adlbrecht C, Doenst T, Panza JA; et al. (2016). "Ten-Year Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting According to Age in Patients With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: An Analysis of the Extended Follow-Up of the STICH Trial (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure)". Circulation. 134 (18): 1314–1324. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024800. PMC 5089908. PMID 27573034.
  232. ↑ Tam DY, Dharma C, Rocha R, Farkouh ME, Abdel-Qadir H, Sun LY; et al. (2020). "Long-Term Survival After Surgical or Percutaneous Revascularization in Patients With Diabetes and Multivessel Coronary Disease". J Am Coll Cardiol. 76 (10): 1153–1164. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.052. PMC 7861124 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32883408 Check |pmid= value (help).
  233. ↑ Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A; et al. (2011). "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction". N Engl J Med. 364 (17): 1607–16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1100356. PMC 3415273. PMID 21463150. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-9 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Dec;17(6):178-9
  234. ↑ Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, Al-Khalidi HR, Hill JA, Panza JA; et al. (2016). "Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med. 374 (16): 1511–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1602001. PMC 4938005. PMID 27040723. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2016 Aug 16;165(4):JC15 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2017 Mar;22(1):32
  235. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202
  236. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 112 (12):e154-235. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586PMID: 16160202

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Congestive_heart_failure_treatment_of_patients_with_current_or_prior_symptoms_of_heart_failure_(Stage_C)&oldid=1725754"