Sudden cardiac death

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Overview

The term sudden cardiac death refers to natural death from cardiac causes, heralded by abrupt loss of consciousness within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms. Other forms of sudden death may be noncardiac in origin. Examples of this include respiratory arrest (such as due to airway obstruction, which may be seen in cases of choking or asphyxiation), toxicity or poisoning, anaphylaxis, or trauma.

It is important to make a distinction between this term and the related term cardiac arrest, which refers to cessation of cardiac pump function which may be reversible (i.e., may not be fatal). The phrase Sudden Cardiac Death is a public health concept incorporating the features of natural, rapid, and unexpected. It does not specifically refer to the mechanism or cause of death. Although the most frequent underlying cause of Sudden Cardiac Death is Coronary Artery Disease, other categories of causes are listed below.

Complete Differential Diagnosis for Sudden Cardiac Death

• Acute Cardiac tamponade
• After ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
• Aortic dissection
• Aortic stenosis
• Apoplexy
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
• Arteritis
• Asphyxia
• Cardiomyopathy including:

Myocardial diseases and heart failure, including

• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Myocardial infarction
• Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy

• Commotio cordis
• Complete atrioventricular block
• Congenital heart disease
• Congestive heart failure
• Coronary artery disease
• Drugs
• Hypoxia
• Hypercapnia
• Hypercalcemia
• Hyperkalemia
• Hypokalemia
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Myocardial Disease
• Pickwickian Syndrome
• Primary electrophysiological abnormalities, such as

• Long QT syndrome, both congenital and acquired
• Sick sinus syndrome
• Brugada syndrome
• Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

• Prolonged Q-T Interval Syndrome
• Pulmonary embolism
• Rupture of the papillary muscles
• Shock
• Status asthmaticus
• Stokes-Adams Syndrome
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Tension pneumothorax
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Toxic/metabolic disturbances
• Valvular Heart Disease
• Ventricular rupture
• Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome

External links

• Information from the Stanford Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center
• Arrhythmia Alliance Sudden Cardiac Arrest Page

Additional resources

• ECGpedia: Course for interpretation of ECG
• The whole ECG - A basic ECG primer
• 12-lead ECG library
• Simulation tool to demonstrate and study the relation between the electric activity of the heart and the ECG
• ECG information from Children's Hospital Heart Center, Seattle
• ECG Challenge from the ACC D2B Initiative
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Diseases and Conditions Index
• A history of electrocardiography
• EKG Interpretations in infants and children