ST elevation myocardial infarction pre-hospital care
| Myocardial infarction | |
| ICD-10 | I21-I22 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 410 |
| DiseasesDB | 8664 |
| MedlinePlus | 000195 |
| eMedicine | med/1567 emerg/327 ped/2520 |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editors-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
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Symptom to Door Time
When symptoms of myocardial infarction occur, patients unfortunately often delay seeking medical attention. [1] Prior to 2000, this delay was almost 3 hours in the United States, but as a result of public health education efforts, this delay has now been shorted to 1.5 to 2.0 hours. [1] [2] Patients often drive themselves to the hospital instead of calling 9-1-1. [3] Further public health efforts appear to be warranted to urge patients to seek medical attention more quickly and to call for 9-1-1 to assure safe transport to the hospital.
Pre Hospital Care
In some countries, such as France, physicians staff mobile intensive care units and pre-hospital care can begin in the ambulance. These pre-hospital therapies in the mobile intensive care setting include glycoprtein IIbIIIa inhibition (as was studied in the On TIME 2 study), unfractionated heparin, nitroglycerin, clopidogrel, oxygen and non-enteric coated aspirin. Pre-hsopital administration can speed the delivery of these agents by approximately 30 minutes, but transfer to the hospital should not be delayed by the administration of these agents. Pre-hospital therapy with aspirin, nitroglycerin and oxygen is common in the United States. The time to administration of a fibrinolytic agent can be shortened by 30 minutes with pre-hospital administration.[4]
Role of First Responders Before the Arrival of Paramedics
In the United States, volunteers and fire fighters are permitted to initiate emergency care prior to the arrival of highly trained paramedics. These first responders can begin CPR and if adequately trained, can defibrillate the patient using an automatic external defibrillator (AED). Since the publication of data showing that the availability of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public places may significantly increase chances of survival, [5] [6] [7] many of these have been installed in public buildings, public transport facilities, and in non-ambulance emergency vehicles (e.g. police cars and fire engines). AEDs analyze the heart's rhythm and determine whether the rhythm is amenable to defibrillation ("shockable"), as in ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. This effort has been expanded to include laypersons as part of the Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) program in communities. This effort has been effective as well, particularly when deployed by community members with some training such as flight attendants and security personnel. [8]
Steps to be Taken by Paramedics on Arrival at the Scene of a STEMI
If an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available the rescuer should immediately bring the AED to the patient's side and be prepared to follow its instructions should the victim lose consciousness. If possible the rescuer should obtain basic information from the victim, in case the patient is unable to answer questions once emergency medical technicians arrive (if the patient becomes unconscious). The victim's name and any information regarding the nature of the victims pain will useful to health care providers. Also the exact time that these symptoms started, what the patient was doing at the onset of symptoms, and anything else that might give clues to the pathology of the chest pain. It is also very important to relay any actions that have been taken, such as the number or dose of aspirin or nitroglycerin given, to the EMS personnel. Other general first aid principles include monitoring pulse, breathing, level of consciousness and, if possible, the blood pressure of the patient. In case of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be administered.
Emergency services
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems vary considerably in their ability to evaluate and treat patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. EMS services are staffed by either volunteers, fire fighters, or highly trained paramedics. As a result in the variability in training, some EMS services provide as little as first aid and early defibrillation. Others employ highly trained paramedics with sophisticated technology and advanced protocols. Early access to EMS is promoted by a 9-1-1 system currently available to 90% of the population in the United States. Most are capable of providing oxygen, IV access, sublingual nitroglycerine, morphine, and aspirin. Few are capable of providing thrombolytic therapy in the pre-hospital setting.[4][9]
With primary PCI emerging as the preferred therapy for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, EMS can play a key role in reducing door to balloon intervals (the time from presentation to a hospital ER to the restoration of coronary artery blood flow) by performing a 12 lead ECG in the field and using this information to triage the patient to the most appropriate medical facility.[10][11][12]In addition, the 12 lead ECG can be transmitted to the receiving hospital, which enables time saving decisions to be made prior to the patient's arrival. This may include a "cardiac alert" or "STEMI alert" that calls in off duty personnel in areas where the cardiac cath lab is not staffed 24 hours a day.[13] Even in the absence of a formal alerting program, pre-hospital 12 lead ECGs are independently associated with reduced door to treatment intervals in the emergency department.[14]
STEMI Management During Air travel
Certified personnel traveling by commercial aircraft may be able to assist an MI patient by using the on-board first aid kit, which may contain some cardiac drugs (such as glyceryl trinitrate spray, aspirin, or opioid painkillers) and oxygen. Pilots may divert the flight to land at a nearby airport. Automatic external defibrillators are being introduced by some airlines, and they can be used by both on-board and ground-based physicians.[15] If there is no pharmacotherapy provided by the airline, soemtimes other passengers will have in their possession cardiac medications that can be of use. If the patient is hypotensive, they should be placed in Trendelenberg position.
Wilderness first aid
In wilderness first aid, a possible heart attack justifies evacuation by the fastest available means, including MEDEVAC.
ACC / AHA Guidelines (Do Not Edit) [16]
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Class I1. Prehospital EMS providers should administer 162 to 325 mg of aspirin (chewed) to chest pain patients suspected of having STEMI unless contraindicated or already taken by the patient. Although some trials have used enteric-coated aspirin for initial dosing, more rapid buccal absorption occurs with non–entericcoated formulations. (Level of Evidence: C) Class IIa1. It is reasonable for all 9-1-1 dispatchers to advise patients without a history of aspirin allergy who have symptoms of STEMI to chew aspirin (162 to 325 mg) while awaiting arrival of prehospital EMS providers. Although some trials have used enteric-coated aspirin for initial dosing, more rapid buccal absorption occurs with non–enteric-coated formulations. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. It is reasonable that all ACLS providers perform and evaluate 12-lead ECGs routinely on chest pain patients suspected of STEMI. (Level of Evidence: B) 3. If the ECG shows evidence of STEMI, it is reasonable that prehospital ACLS providers review a reperfusion “checklist” and relay the ECG and checklist findings to a predetermined medical control facility and/or receiving hospital. (Level of Evidence: C) |
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Sources
- The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [16]
- The 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [17]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gibson CM (2001). "Time is myocardium and time is outcomes". Circulation. 104 (22): 2632–4. PMID 11723008. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD; et al. (2008). "Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006". Am. Heart J. 156 (6): 1035–44. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029. PMID 19032997. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Brown AL, Mann NC, Daya M; et al. (2000). "Demographic, belief, and situational factors influencing the decision to utilize emergency medical services among chest pain patients. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) study". Circulation. 102 (2): 173–8. PMID 10889127. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Morrow DA, Antman EM, Sayah A; et al. (2002). "Evaluation of the time saved by prehospital initiation of reteplase for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: results of The Early Retavase-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (ER-TIMI) 19 trial". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40 (1): 71–7. PMID 12103258. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Cummins RO. From concept to standard-of-care? Review of the clinical experience with automated external defibrillators. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:1269-75
- ↑ Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Johnson E, Copass MK. Dispatcher assisted CPR: implementation and potential benefit: a 12-year study. Resuscitation 2003;57:123-9.
- ↑ Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial. National Heart,Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047411?order=46. 2004. NLM Identifier: NCT00047411. Accessed December 22, 2003.
- ↑ Caffrey SL, Willoughby PJ, Pepe PE, Becker LB. Public use of automated external defibrillators. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1242-7.
- ↑ Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, McDonald AC, Sawadsky BV, Cook DJ (2000). "Mortality and prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis". JAMA. 283 (20): 2686–92. PMID 10819952.
- ↑ Rokos IC, Larson DM, Henry TD; et al. (2006). "Rationale for establishing regional ST-elevation myocardial infarction receiving center (SRC) networks". Am. Heart J. 152 (4): 661–7. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.06.001. PMID 16996830. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Moyer P, Feldman J, Levine J; et al. (2004). "Implications of the Mechanical (PCI) vs Thrombolytic Controversy for ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction on the Organization of Emergency Medical Services: The Boston EMS Experience". Crit Pathw Cardiol. 3 (2): 53–61. doi:10.1097/01.hpc.0000128714.35330.6d. PMID 18340140. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Henry TD, Atkins JM, Cunningham MS; et al. (2006). "ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: recommendations on triage of patients to heart attack centers: is it time for a national policy for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction?". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47 (7): 1339–45. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.101. PMID 16580518. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Rokos I. and Bouthillet T., "The emergency medical systems-to-balloon (E2B) challenge: building on the foundations of the D2B Alliance," STEMI Systems, Issue Two, May 2007. Accessed June 16, 2007.
- ↑ Cannon CP at al. Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes. p. 176. New Jersey: Humana Press, 1999. ISBN 0-89603-552-2.
- ↑ Dowdall N (2000). ""Is there a doctor on the aircraft?" Top 10 in-flight medical emergencies". BMJ. 321 (7272): 1336–7. PMC 1119071. PMID 11090520. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 16.0 16.1 Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW; et al. (2004). "ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction)". Circulation. 110 (9): e82–292. PMID 15339869. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW; et al. (2008). "2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee". Circulation. 117 (2): 296–329. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209. PMID 18071078. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
External links
- Risk Assessment Tool for Estimating Your 10-year Risk of Having a Heart Attack - based on information of the Framingham Heart Study, from the United States National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
- Heart Attack - overview of resources from MedlinePlus.
- Heart Attack Warning Signals from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Regional PCI for STEMI Resource Center - Evidence based online resource center for the development of regional PCI networks for acute STEMI
- STEMI Systems - Articles, profiles, and reviews of the latest publications involved in STEMI care. Quarterly newsletter.
- American College of Cardiology (ACC) Door to Balloon (D2B) Initiative.
- American Heart Association's Heart Attack web site - Information and resources for preventing, recognizing and treating heart attack.