Timolol detailed information

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Timolol detailed information
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration
oral, Ophthalmic
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability60%
MetabolismHepatic: 80%
Elimination half-life2.5-5 hours
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
E number{{#property:P628}}
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Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H24N4O3S
Molar mass316.421 g/mol

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Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. In its oral form (Blocadren), it is used to treat high blood pressure and prevent heart attacks, and occasionally to prevent migraine headaches. In its ophthalmic form (brand names Timoptol in Italy; Timoptic), it is used to treat open-angle and occasionally secondary glaucoma by reducing aqueous humour production through blockade of the beta receptors on the ciliary epithelium.

Side effects

The most serious possible side effects include cardiac arrhythmias and severe bronchospasms. Timolol can also lead to fainting, congestive heart failure, depression, confusion, and impotence.

Usual dosage

  • Children and Adults: Ophthalmic: Initial: 0.25% solution, instill 1 drop twice daily; increase to 0.5% solution if response not adequate; decrease to 1 drop/day if *controlled; do not exceed 1 drop twice daily of 0.5% solution Adults: Oral:
  • Hypertension: Initial: 10 mg twice daily, increase gradually every 7 days, usual dosage: 20-40 mg/day in 2 divided doses; maximum: 60 mg/day
  • Prevention of myocardial infarction: 10 mg twice daily initiated within 1-4 weeks after infarction
  • Migraine headache: Initial: 10 mg twice daily, increase to maximum of 30 mg/day

Formulations

  • Gel-forming solution, ophthalmic, as maleate (Timoptic-XE): 0.25% (2.5 mL, 5 mL); 0.5% (2.5 mL, 5 mL)
  • Solution, ophthalmic, as hemihydrate (Betimol): 0.25% (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL); 0.5% (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL) [contains benzalkonium chloride]
  • Solution, ophthalmic, as maleate: 0.25% (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL); 0.5% (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL) [contains benzalkonium chloride]
  • Timoptic: 0.25% (5 mL, 10 mL); 0.5% (5 mL, 10 mL) [contains benzalkonium chloride]
  • Solution, ophthalmic, as maleate [preservative free] (Timoptic OcuDose): 0.25% (0.2 mL);0.5% (0.2 mL) [single use]
  • Tablet, as maleate (Blocadren): 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg

For opthalmic use, timolol is also available combined with other medications:

Brand names

  • In Canada: Apo-Timol, Apo-Timop, Gen-Timolol, Nu-Timolol, Phoxal-timolol, PMS-Timolol, Tim-AK, Timoptic, Timoptic-XE.
  • In United States: Betimol, Blocadren, Istalol, Timoptic, Timoptic-XE, Timoptic OcuDose.

Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics

de:Timolol


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