Acarbose

Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [1] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

Acarbose

Clinical data
[[Regulation of therapeutic goods |Template:Engvar data]]	US FDA: Precose
Pregnancy category	AU: B3 US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	A10BF01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Extremely low
Metabolism	Gastrointestinal tract
Elimination half-life	2 hours
Excretion	Renal (less than 2%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5- [(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl- 5-[[(1S,4S,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxy methyl)-1-cyclohex-2-enyl]amino]oxan-2-yl] oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan- 2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol
CAS Number	56180-94-0
PubChem CID	441184
DrugBank	APRD00656
E number	{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard	{{#property:P2566}}
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C25H45N3O16
Molar mass	643.635 g/mol

WikiDoc Resources for Acarbose
Articles
Most recent articles on Acarbose Most cited articles on Acarbose Review articles on Acarbose Articles on Acarbose in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Acarbose Images of Acarbose Photos of Acarbose Podcasts & MP3s on Acarbose Videos on Acarbose
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Acarbose Bandolier on Acarbose TRIP on Acarbose
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Acarbose at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Acarbose Clinical Trials on Acarbose at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Acarbose NICE Guidance on Acarbose NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Acarbose CDC on Acarbose
Books
Books on Acarbose
News
Acarbose in the news Be alerted to news on Acarbose News trends on Acarbose
Commentary
Blogs on Acarbose
Definitions
Definitions of Acarbose
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Acarbose Discussion groups on Acarbose Patient Handouts on Acarbose Directions to Hospitals Treating Acarbose Risk calculators and risk factors for Acarbose
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Acarbose Causes & Risk Factors for Acarbose Diagnostic studies for Acarbose Treatment of Acarbose
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Acarbose
International
Acarbose en Espanol Acarbose en Francais
Business
Acarbose in the Marketplace Patents on Acarbose
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Acarbose

Acarbose is an anti-diabetic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some countries, prediabetes. It is sold in Europe under the brand name Glucobay® (Bayer AG), in North America as Precose® (Bayer AG), and in Canada as Prandase® (Bayer AG). It is an inhibitor of alpha glucosidase, an enteric enzyme that releases glucose from larger carbohydrates.

Mechanism of action

Acarbose inhibits enzymes (glycoside hydrolases) needed to digest carbohydrates: specifically alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the brush border of the small intestines and pancreatic alpha-amylase. Pancreatic alpha-amylase hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides in the lumen of the small intestine, whereas the membrane-bound intestinal alpha-glucosidases hydrolyze oligosaccharides, trisaccharides, and disaccharides to glucose and other monosaccharides in the small intestine. Inhibition of these enzyme systems reduces the rate of digestion of complex carbohydrates. Less glucose is absorbed because the carbohydrates are not broken down into glucose molecules. In diabetic patients, the short-term effect of these drugs therapies is to decrease current blood glucose levels: the long term effect is a small reduction in Hb_A1c level.

Dosing

Since acarbose prevents the digestion of complex carbohydrates, the drug should be taken at the start of main meals. (Taken with first bite of meal.) Moreover, the amount of complex carbohydrates in the meal will determine the effectiveness of acarbose in decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia. Adults are to take doses of 25mg 3 times daily.

Side effects

Since acarbose prevents the degradation of complex carbohydrates into glucose, the carbohydrates will remain in the intestine. In the colon, bacteria will digest the complex carbohydrates, thereby causing gastrointestinal side effects such as flatulence and diarrhea.

Since these effects are dose-related, it is generally advised to start with a low dose and gradually increase the dose to the desired amount.

If a patient using acarbose suffers from a bout of hypoglycemia, the patient should eat something containing monosaccharides, such as glucose tablets. Since acarbose will prevent the digestion of complex carbohydrates, starchy foods will not effectively reverse a hypoglycemic episode in a patient taking acarbose.

External links

• Precose (acarbose) Tablet - NIH Information [Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation]
• "Probing the Pancreas" - by Craig D. Reid, Ph.D. (US FDA Consumer Article)