Coronary vasospasm (patient information)
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Coronary vasospasm |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.
Overview
Coronary vasospasm is a temporary, sudden narrowing of one of the coronary arteries (the arteries that supply blood to the heart). The spasm slows or stops blood flow through the artery and starves part of the heart of oxygen-rich blood.
What are the symptoms of Coronary vasospasm?
- Coronary vasospasm may be silent (without symptoms) or it may result in chest pain or angina. If the spasm lasts long enough, it may even cause a heart attack.
- The main symptom is a type of chest pain called angina, which can be felt under the chest bone and is described as:
- Constricting
- Crushing
- Pressure
- Squeezing
- Tightness
- The pain:
- Often occurs at rest
- May occur at the same time each day, usually between midnight and 8:00 AM
- Lasts from 5 to 30 minutes
- It is usually severe. The pain may spread to the neck, jaw, shoulder, or arm.
- The person may lose consciousness.
- Unlike angina that is caused by hardening of the coronary arteries, chest pain and shortness of breath are often not present when you walk or exercise.
What causes Coronary vasospasm?
- The spasm often occurs in coronary arteries that have not become hardened due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis). However, it also can occur in arteries with plaque buildup.
- A contraction (squeezing) of muscles in the artery wall causes these spasms in the arteries. The contraction occurs in just one area of the artery. The coronary artery may appear normal during angiography, but it does not function normally.
Who is at highest risk?
- Coronary vasospasm affects approximately 4 out of 100,000 people. About 2% of patients with angina have coronary vasospasm.
- Coronary vasospasm occurs most commonly in people who smoke or who have high cholesterol or high blood pressure.
- In many people, coronary vasospasm may occur without any other heart risk factors and it may be triggered by:
- Alcohol withdrawal,
- Emotional stress,
- Exposure to cold,
- Medications that cause narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction),
- Stimulant drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine.
When to seek urgent medical care?
- Immediately call- 911 or go to the hospital emergency room if you have a history of angina and the crushing or squeezing chest pain is not relieved by nitroglycerin. The pain may be due to a heart attack. Rest and nitroglycerin do not completely relieve the pain of a heart attack.
- A heart attack is a medical emergency. If you have symptoms of a heart attack, seek immediate medical help.
Diagnosis
A doctor may diagnose coronary vasospasm by conducting the following tests:
Treatment options
- The goal of treatment is to control chest pain and prevent a [Heart attack (patient information)|heart attack]].
- A medicine called nitroglycerin can relieve an episode of pain.
- Your health care provider may prescribe other medications to prevent chest pain. You may need a group of medicines called calcium channel blockers long-term. Your doctor may prescribe long-acting nitrates along with the calcium channel blockers.
- Beta-blockers are another type of medication that may be used. However, in some cases, beta-blockers may be harmful (especially if used along with cocaine).
Prevention of Coronary vasospasm
- Prevention involves avoiding triggers and taking measures to reduce your risk of atherosclerosis. This may include eating a low-fat diet and increasing exercise.
- If you have this condition, you should avoid exposure to cold, cocaine use, cigarette smoking, and high-stress situations, which can trigger a spasm.
What to expect? (Outlook/Prognosis)
- Coronary vasospasm is a chronic condition. However, treatment usually helps control symptoms.
- The disorder may be a sign that you have a high risk for heart attacks or potentially deadly irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias).
- The outlook is generally good if you follow your doctor's treatment recommendations and avoid certain triggers.
Possible complications
- Abnormal heart rhythms, which may cause cardiac arrest and sudden death
- Heart attacks