Hyperkalemia history and symptoms
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Hyperkalemia (AE) or Hyperkalaemia (BE) is an elevated blood level (above 5.0 mmol/L) of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high (contrast with hypo-, meaning low). The middle kal refers to kalium, which is Latin for potassium. The end portion of the word, -emia, means "in the blood". Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal arrhythmias.
History and Symptoms
History
Often, however, the problem is detected during screening blood tests for a medical disorder, or it only comes to medical attention after complications have developed, such as cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death.
- Dietary history - Diet with low sodium and rich in potassium such as
- Fruits, dried fruits, juices, banana and vegetables
- Diets recommended for patients with cardiac disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus
- Potassium supplements in herbal supplements, salt substitutes
- Medications history (drugs causing a decreased excretion of potassium)
- Potassium-sparing diuretics, especially popular in the treatment of cirrhosis and congestive heart failure
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- Angiotensin receptor blockers
- Cyclosporine or tacrolimus
- Antibiotics, such as pentamidine or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
- Medical history
- Renal failure
- Diabetes mellitus
- Sickle cell disease or trait
- Urinary tract obstruction - Type IV renal tubular acidosis, also called hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis. It can be seen with polycystic kidney disease, amyloidosis and diabetes mellitus.
- The combination of abdominal pain, hypoglycemia and hyperpigmentation, often in the context of a history of other autoimmune disorders, may be signs of Addison's disease, itself a medical emergency.
Symptoms
Symptoms are fairly nonspecific and may include
- Malaise
- Palpitations
- Muscle weakness
- Mild breathlessness may indicate metabolic acidosis, one of the settings in which hyperkalemia may occur.
References
Template:Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic pathology