Pulmonary embolism echocardiography
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Pulmonary Embolism Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Pulmonary Embolism Assessment of Probability of Subsequent VTE and Risk Scores |
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Treatment |
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Follow-Up |
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Special Scenario |
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Trials |
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Case Studies |
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Pulmonary embolism echocardiography On the Web |
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Directions to Hospitals Treating Pulmonary embolism echocardiography |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Pulmonary embolism echocardiography |
Editor(s)-In-Chief: The APEX Trial Investigators, C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Approximately 40% of patients with a PE have evidence of some right heart strain on echocardiography. When RV dysfunction or RV thrombus are found on echocardiography, it helps to determine the prognosis of the patient. Not all patients with a suspected PE require an echocardiogram. Elevations in cardiac troponins or brain natriuretic peptide may indicate heart strain and therefore may warrant an echocardiogram.[1]
Echocardiography
In massive and submassive PE, dysfunction of the right side of the heart can be seen on echocardiography, an indication that the pulmonary artery is severely obstructed and the heart is unable to match the pressure. Some studies suggest that this finding may be an indication for thrombolysis.
The specific appearance of the right ventricle on echocardiography is referred to as the McConnell sign, which refers to akinesia of the mid-free wall but normal apical motion. This phenomenon has a 77% sensitivity and a 94% specificity for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism.[2]
Echocardiography should be used to confirm the presence of right ventricular dysfunction if multidetector CT is not available.
The diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction requires the presence of at least two out of these, though in absence of right ventricular hypertrophy:[3][4]
- Right-to-Left ventricular end diastolic diameter ratio>0.9 in the apical four-chamber view.
- Right-to-Left ventricular end diastolic diameter ratio>0.7 in the parasternal long-axis or subcoastel four-chamber view.
- Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
- Systolic pulmonary artery pressure over 30 mmHg.
In another study, a value of less than 1.0 for Right-to-Left ventricular diameter was shown to have a 100% negative predictive value for an uneventful outcome (95% CI: 94.3%, 100%).[5]
In addition to above, Echo can also be useful in patients with right heart thromboemboli or patent foramen ovale patients, which have shown to have higher rate of complication and mortality.[6][7]
The following video explains the McConnell sign. {{#ev:youtube|Tklaxe-kPrk}}
References
- ↑ Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ (2003). "Cardiac biomarkers for risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism". Circulation. 108 (18): 2191–4. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000100687.99687.CE. PMID 14597581.
- ↑ McConnell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, Come PC, Goldhaber SZ, Lee RT (1996). "Regional right ventricular dysfunction detected by echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism". Am. J. Cardiol. 78 (4): 469–73. PMID 8752195.
- ↑ Grifoni S, Olivotto I, Cecchini P, Pieralli F, Camaiti A, Santoro G; et al. (2000). "Short-term clinical outcome of patients with acute pulmonary embolism, normal blood pressure, and echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 101 (24): 2817–22. PMID 10859287.
- ↑ Sanchez O, Trinquart L, Caille V, Couturaud F, Pacouret G, Meneveau N; et al. (2010). "Prognostic factors for pulmonary embolism: the prep study, a prospective multicenter cohort study". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 181 (2): 168–73. doi:10.1164/rccm.200906-0970OC. PMID 19910608.
- ↑ van der Meer RW, Pattynama PM, van Strijen MJ, van den Berg-Huijsmans AA, Hartmann IJ, Putter H; et al. (2005). "Right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary obstruction index at helical CT: prediction of clinical outcome during 3-month follow-up in patients with acute pulmonary embolism". Radiology. 235 (3): 798–803. doi:10.1148/radiol.2353040593. PMID 15845793.
- ↑ Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Kasper W, Olschewski M, Blümel L, Just H (1998). "Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism". Circulation. 97 (19): 1946–51. PMID 9609088. Retrieved 2011-12-21. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "The European Cooperative Study on the clinical significance of right heart thrombi. European Working Group on Echocardiography". Eur. Heart J. 10 (12): 1046–59. 1989. PMID 2606115. Retrieved 2011-12-21. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)