Osteoporosis
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| Osteoporosis | |
| ICD-10 | M80-M82 |
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| ICD-9 | 733.0 |
| DiseasesDB | 9385 |
| MeSH | D010024 |
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Osteoporosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Medical Therapy |
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Case Studies |
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Osteoporosis On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Osteoporosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]
Please Join in Editing This Page and Apply to be an Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [4] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Overview
Classification
History
Epidemiology
First vertebral fractures
An estimated 700,000 women have a first vertebral fracture each year. The lifetime risk of a clinically detected symptomatic vertebral fracture is about 15% in a 50-year-old white woman. However, because symptoms are often overlooked or thought to be a normal part of getting older, it is believed that only about one-third of vertebral compression fractures are actually diagnosed.
Distal radius fractures
Distal radius fractures, usually of the Colles type, are the third most common type of osteoporotic fractures. In the United States, the total annual number of Colles' fractures is about 250,000. The lifetime risk of sustaining a Colles' fracture is about 16% for white women. By the time women reach age 70, about 20% have had at least one wrist fracture.
Risk factors
Diseases and disorders
There are many disorders associated with osteoporosis:
- Hypogonadal states - Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, anorexia nervosa, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia. In females, the effect of hypogonadism is mediated by estrogen deficiency. It can appear as early menopause (<45 years) or from prolonged premenopausal amenorrhea (>1 year). A bilateral oophorectomy (surgical removal of the ovaries) or a premature ovarian failure cause deficient estrogen production. In males, testosterone deficiency is the cause.
- Other endocrine disorders - Cushing's syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, acromegaly, adrenal insufficiency
- Nutritional and gastrointestinal disorders - malnutrition, parenteral nutrition, malabsorption syndromes (e.g. coeliac disease, Crohn's disease), gastrectomy, severe liver disease (especially primary biliary cirrhosis) - those with an otherwise adequate calcium intake can develop osteoporosis due to the inability to absorb calcium.
- Rheumatologic disorders - rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
- Hematologic disorders/malignancy - multiple myeloma, lymphoma and leukemia, mastocytosis, hemophilia, thalassemia.
- Inherited disorders of the bone - osteogenesis imperfecta, Marfan syndrome, hemochromatosis, hypophosphatasia, glycogen storage diseases, homocystinuria, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, porphyria, Menkes' syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa, Gaucher's disease.
- Other disorders - immobilization, scoliosis
Medication
Pathogenesis
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
Screening
Treatment
Prognosis
| WHO category | Age 50-64 | Age > 64 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | 5.3 | 9.4 | 6.6 |
| Osteopenia | 11.4 | 19.6 | 15.7 |
| Osteoporosis | 22.4 | 46.6 | 40.6 |
Although osteoporosis patients have an increased mortality rate due to the complications of fracture, most patients die with the disease rather than of it.
Hip fractures can lead to decreased mobility and an additional risk of numerous complications (such as deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism, pneumonia). The 6-month mortality rate following hip fracture is approximately 13.5%, and a substantial proportion (almost 13%) of people who have suffered a hip fracture need total assistance to mobilize after a hip fracture.[2]
Vertebral fractures, while having a smaller impact on mortality, can lead to severe chronic pain of neurogenic origin, which can be hard to control, as well as deformity. Though rare, multiple vertebral fractures can lead to such severe hunch back (kyphosis) that the resulting pressure on internal organs can impair one's ability to breathe.
Apart from risk of death and other complications, osteoporotic fractures are associated with a reduced health-related quality of life.[3]
Prevention
See also
- Bone healing
- Back pain
- bone mineral density
- Hip protector
- Dental X-ray
- Osteopetrosis, the opposite of osteoporosis
- Osteoimmunology
External links
- Foundation for Osteoporosis Research and Education Non-profit organization
- The International Osteoporosis Foundation
- Osteoporosis Australia
- Osteoporosis Canada
- Irish Osteoporosis Society
- Osteoporosis New Zealand Inc
- National Osteoporosis Society (UK)
- The National Osteoporosis Foundation(USA)
- The Osteoporosis Section of The Hormone Foundation
- University of Washington
- Osteopenia - A controversial diagnosis.
- Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases (including osteoporosis) by a Joint WHO/FAO Expert consultation (2003)
Template:Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
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- ↑ Cranney A, Jamal SA, Tsang JF, Josse RG, Leslie WD (2007). "Low bone mineral density and fracture burden in postmenopausal women". CMAJ. 177 (6): 575–80. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070234. PMID 17846439.
- ↑ Hannan EL, Magaziner J, Wang JJ; et al. (2001). "Mortality and locomotion 6 months after hospitalization for hip fracture: risk factors and risk-adjusted hospital outcomes". JAMA. 285 (21): 2736–42. PMID 11386929.
- ↑ Brenneman SK, Barrett-Connor E, Sajjan S, Markson LE, Siris ES (2006). "Impact of recent fracture on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women". J. Bone Miner. Res. 21 (6): 809–16. doi:10.1359/jbmr.060301. PMID 16753011.