Encephalopathy causes

	Encephalopathy
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure.It may be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria, virus, orprion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased intracranial pressure, prolonged exposure to toxins (including solvents, drugs, alcohol, paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), radiation, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. It is also known that concomitant use of lithium with other neuroleptics may, in rare cases, cause encephalopathy.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Hemorrhagic shock, Malignant hypertension, PEHO-like syndrome
Chemical / poisoning	Alcohol withdrawal, Aluminum , Carbon monoxide poisoning, Ifosamide, Lead poisoning, Methylene Chloride , Narcotics, Occupational lead exposure , Toxic mushrooms
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aldesleukin, Aminosalicylic acid, Bortezomib, Cefepime, Cisplatin, Epoetin beta , Esomeprazole, Levofloxacin , Melarsoprol, Metronidazole, Topiramate, Valacyclovir, Valproate
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Environmental	Hypoxia, Near drowning
Gastroenterologic	Acute liver failure , Budd-Chiari syndrome , Chronic liver disease , Cirrhosis of liver , Idiopathic liver cirrhosis , Liver failure, Obliterative portal venopathy , Reye syndrome , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome , Hepatoma
Genetic	Chromosome 18 Ring , Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency , Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q , Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome , Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome , West syndrome, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency
Hematologic	Mosse syndrome
Iatrogenic	Peritoneal dialysis, Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt (TIPSS)
Infectious Disease	Adenoviridae Infections , Boutonneuse fever , Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Brain abscess, India tick typhus , Israeli spotted fever , Kuru, Lyme disease , Marseilles fever , Mediterranean Spotted Fever , Psittacosis , Whooping Cough , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Neuromuscular disorder
Neurologic	Bing-Neel syndrome , Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Early myoclonic encephalopathy, Granulomatous angiitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Motor neuron disease, Myasthenia gravis, Neuromuscular disorder, Ohtahara syndrome , PEHO-like syndrome , Post-ictal state, Raised intracranial pressure, Scrapie, Stroke, West syndrome, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Acidosis, Alcoholism, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency , Complex1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , Electrolyte abnormalities, HMG CoA synthetase deficiency , Hyperammonemia, Hypoglycemia, Inborn urea cycle disorder , Malnutrition, MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency , Obesity, Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency , Thiamine deficiency, Uremia, Uremic encephalopathy, Vitamin B deficiency, Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome , Wernicke's encephalopathy, Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Oncologic	Brain tumour, Hepatoma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Acetaminophen toxicity
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Asthma, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Central alveolar hypoventilation, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ephysema, Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Primary alveolar hypoventilation, Sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte	Hyponatremia, Renal failure
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome , Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome , Vasculitis, Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Concussion
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

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